Quinn Mackay¹, Sune Rasmussen², Frédéric Parrenin³, Michael Sigl⁴, Anders Svensson⁵, Dr. Ikumi Oyabu⁶, Amaelle Landais⁷, Marie Bouchet⁸, Tyler J Fudge⁹ and Christo Buizert¹, (1)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (2)Center for Ice and Climate, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark, (3)CNRS University Grenoble Alpes, IGE Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement, Grenoble, France, (4)University of Bern, Climate and Environmental Physics, Bern, Switzerland, (5)University of Copenhagen, Physics of Ice, Climate and Earth, København K, Denmark, (6)National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, (7)LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL - CEA - CNRS - UVSQ - Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (8)LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL - CEA - CNRS - UVSQ - University Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (9)University of Washington, Earth and Space Sciences, Seattle, United States

Olivia Williams, Oregon State University, College of Earth Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States, Christo Buizert, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, Jeffrey P Severinghaus, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States and Mike Kalk, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, United States

Mai Matsumoto^1,2, Kaoru Kawakami³, Takuto Ando⁴, Mai Shibata^1,2, Sumito Matoba², Shuji Fujita^5,6, Teruo Aoki⁷, Satoru Adachi⁸, Akihiro Hachikubo⁹, Koji Fujita¹⁰, Akira Hori¹¹, Satoru Yamaguchi¹², Tomonori Tanikawa¹³ and Yoshinori Iizuka², (1)Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Sapporo, Japan, (2)Hokkaido University, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, Japan, (3)Nagoya University, Graduate school of Environmental studies, Nagoya, Japan, (4)Akita University, Graduate School of International Resource Sciences, Akita, Japan, (5)National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan, (6)Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Department of Advanced Studies, Tokyo, Japan, (7)Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan, (8)National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Snow and Ice Research Center, Shinjo Cryospheric Environment Laboratory, Shinjo, Japan, (9)Kitami institute of technology, Kitami, Japan, (10)Nagoya University, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya, Japan, (11)Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan, (12)National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Resilience, Snow and Ice Research Center, Nagaoka, Japan, (13)Meteorological Research Institute, Japan Meteorological Agency, Tsukuba, Japan

Xin Feng¹, Florian Ritterbusch^1,2, Jie Wang³, Sarah Shackleton^4,5, Michael L Bender^6,7, Edward J Brook⁸, John A Higgins⁷, Ze Hua Jia⁹, Wei Jiang^1,3, Zheng-Tian Lu^1,3, Jeffrey P Severinghaus¹⁰, Liang-Ting Sun^9,11, Guomin Yang³ and Lei Zhao³, (1)University of Science and Technology of China, School of Physical Sciences, Hefei, China, (2)Heidelberg University, Institute of Environmental Physics, Heidelberg, Germany, (3)University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, China, (4)Princeton University, Department of Geosciences, Princeton, United States, (5)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States, (6)Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Oceanography, Shanghai, China, (7)Princeton University, Princeton, United States, (8)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (9)Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics, Lanzhou, China, (10)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (11)University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Beijing, China

Sara Akiba¹, Roisin Rumsey², Hayley Beaudoin³, Geoffrey Hargreaves⁴, Curtis LaBombard⁴, Megan Erskine⁵, Richard Nunn⁴, Mikhail N Zhizhin⁶ and Andrei V Kurbatov⁷, (1)Princeton University, Department of Geosciences, Princeton, NJ, United States, (2)University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Orono, United States, (3)University of Maine, School of Earth and Climate Sciences, Orono, United States, (4)U.S. National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility, Lakewood, United States, (5)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (6)Colorado School of Mines, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Golden, United States, (7)University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States

Hanna L. Brooks^1,2, Michael Handley³, Karl J Kreutz¹, Dominic Winski⁴, Jacob Chalif⁵, Erich C Osterberg⁵, Bess G Koffman⁶, Ursula Anne Jongebloed⁵, Liam Kirkpatrick⁷, Cameron P Wake⁸, Margit Schwikowski⁹, Emma Skelton¹⁰ and David Ferris⁵, (1)University of Maine, School of Earth and Climate Sciences and Climate Change Institute, Orono, ME, United States, (2)Amherst College, Department of Geology, Amherst, United States, (3)University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Orono, ME, United States, (4)University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Orono, United States, (5)Dartmouth College, Department of Earth Sciences, Hanover, United States, (6)Colby College, Geology, Waterville, United States, (7)University of Washington, Seattle, United States, (8)University of New England, The Center for North Atlantic Studies, Biddeford, United States, (9)Paul Scherrer Institute, Center for Energy and Environmental Sciences, Villigen, Switzerland, (10)University of Maine, Earth and Climate Sciences and Climate Change Institute, Orono, ME, United States

Paloma Siegel¹, Bradley Markle¹ and Eric S Klein², (1)University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Department of Geological Sciences, Boulder, United States, (2)University of Alaska Anchorage, Geological Sciences, Anchorage, United States

Grace Gentner¹, Murat Aydin², Melinda Nicewonger³, Jennifer Campos Ayala⁴, Edward J Brook⁵, Jenna Epifanio⁵, Julia Marks Peterson⁵, Christo Buizert⁶, Austin Carter⁷, Sarah Aarons⁷ and Alissa Choi⁸, (1)Georgia Institute of Technology, School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Atlanta, United States, (2)University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, (3)Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, United States, (4)University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, (5)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (6)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (7)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (8)University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States

E Drew Pronovost¹, Ursula Anne Jongebloed¹, Andrew J Schauer², Salima M Mayanja¹, Zayna Haider¹, Jihong Cole-Dai³, Derek Brandis⁴, Alexandria Kub⁵, Tyler Ohrman⁵, Joël Savarino⁶, Jack Saville⁷, Julien Witwicky⁸, Nathan Chellman⁹, Rachel Moore¹⁰, Benjamin Riddell-Young¹¹ and Becky Alexander¹, (1)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (2)University of Washington, Seattle, United States, (3)South Dakota State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brookings, SD, United States, (4)South Dakota State University, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Physics, Brookings, United States, (5)South Dakota State University, Brookings, United States, (6)Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France, (7)Université Grenoble Aples, Grenoble, France, (8)Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenole, France, (9)Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Reno, United States, (10)Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Atlanta, United States, (11)NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, United States

Mizuki Hirano^1,2, Kaoru Kawakami³, Takuto Ando⁴, Hiroshi Ohno⁵, Sumito Matoba² and Yoshinori Iizuka², (1)Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Sapporo, Japan, (2)Hokkaido University, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, Japan, (3)Nagoya University, Graduate school of Environmental studies, Nagoya, Japan, (4)Akita University, Graduate School of International Resource Sciences, Akita, Japan, (5)Kitami Institute of Technology, Kitami, Japan

Eric Mei¹, Kyle Armour², Thomas Bauska³, Cristian Proistosescu⁴, Gregory J Hakim¹ and Alexander J Turner¹, (1)University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric and Climate Science, Seattle, United States, (2)University of Washington, Dept. of Atmospheric and Climate Science and School of Oceanography, Seattle, United States, (3)British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (4)University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Department of Climate, Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences, Urbana, United States

Matthew Osman, University of Cambridge, Department of Geography, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Jessica E Tierney, University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, AZ, United States, Marcus Lofverstrom, University of Arizona, Department of Geosciences, Tucson, United States, Joseph Schnaubelt, University of Connecticut, Department of Earth Sciences, Groton, CT, United States, Clay Richard Tabor, University of Connecticut, Earth Sciences, Storrs, United States, Bradley Markle, University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Department of Geological Sciences, Boulder, United States and Marco A Aquino-López, Centro de Investigación en Matemáticas (CIMAT), Guanajuato, Mexico

Zhongya Xu, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Shohei Hattori, International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Ishino Sakiko, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan, Yoshinori Iizuka, Hokkaido University, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, Japan and Yoshio Takahashi, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

Shohei Hattori, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, Ishino Sakiko, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan, Zhao Wei, International Center for Isotope Effects Research, School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China and Yoshinori Iizuka, Hokkaido University, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Sapporo, Japan

Asmita Banerjee, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States, Thomas Bauska, British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Ji-Woong Yang, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, Paris, France, Yu Zhen Yan, Tongji University, Shanghai, China and Laurence Yeung, Rice University, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Houston, United States

Rowan Ray, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States, Eliza Dawson, Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Atlanta, United States and Winnie Chu, Georgia Institute of Technology Main Campus, Atlanta, United States

Murat Aydin¹, John Patterson², Melinda Nicewonger³, Jennifer Campos Ayala¹, Austin Carter⁴, Sarah M Aarons⁴, Julia Marks Peterson⁵, Jenna Epifanio⁵, Alissa Choi⁶, Christo Buizert⁷, Edward J Brook⁵ and Eric S Saltzman¹, (1)University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, (2)University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States, (3)Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, United States, (4)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (5)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (6)University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States, (7)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States

Peter D Neff^1,2, Vasilii V Petrenko³, David M Etheridge^4,5, Andrew Milford Smith⁶, Christo Buizert⁷, Lee T Murray³, Cathy M Trudinger^4,5, Mingjian Shi², Edward Crosier², Benjamin Hmiel^2,8, David Thornton⁴, Lenneke M Jong^5,9, Tas D van Ommen^5,9, Mark Curran^5,9, Ross Beaudette¹⁰, Christina M Harth¹⁰, Ray Leonard Langenfelds⁴, Blagoj Mitrevski⁴, Michael Dyonisius¹¹, Jessica Ng¹², Jeffrey P Severinghaus¹³ and Ray F Weiss¹⁴, (1)University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, United States, (2)University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rochester, United States, (3)University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY, United States, (4)CSIRO Environment, Aspendale, Australia, (5)Australian Antarctic Program Partnership, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia, (6)Centre for Accelerator Science, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Lucas Heights, Australia, (7)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (8)Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment, Denver, United States, (9)Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart, Australia, (10)University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, (11)Niels Bohr Institute, København Ø, Denmark, (12)University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (13)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (14)Univ California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States

Ivo Strawson¹, Benjamin Riddell-Young², Rachael Rhodes³, Thomas Bauska⁴, Julia Marks Peterson⁵, Sarah Shackleton⁶, Valens Hishamunda⁷, John A Higgins⁸, Frederic Prie⁹, Amaelle Landais¹⁰, Elizabeth Ruth Thomas¹¹ and Edward J Brook⁵, (1)Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, United States, (2)NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory, Boulder, United States, (3)University of Cambridge, Department of Earth Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (4)British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (5)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (6)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States, (7)Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, (8)Princeton University, Princeton, United States, (9)LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL - CEA - CNRS - UVSQ - University Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (10)LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, IPSL - CEA - CNRS - UVSQ - Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (11)NERC British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom

Meghan Weatherly¹, Mia Goedken² and Wendell W Walters¹, (1)University of South Carolina Columbia, Columbia, SC, United States, (2)University of South Carolina Columbia, Columbia, United States

Sophia Wensman, Desert Research Institute Reno, Reno, NV, United States, Joseph R McConnell, Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Science, Reno, United States, Nathan Chellman, Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Reno, United States, Andreas Stohl, University of Vienna, Department of Meteorology and Geophysics, Vienna, Austria, Michel Legrand, Université Paris Cité and Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, Paris, France, Andreas Plach, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria and Susanne Preunkert, Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Géosciences de l'Environnement (IGE), Grenoble, France

Adira Lunken¹, Christo Buizert², Mike Kalk¹, Eva Lesher¹, Edward J Brook³, Alexander C. Ihle⁴, Sebastian Miller⁴, Joël Savarino⁵, Estelle Vincent⁵ and Vasilii V Petrenko⁶, (1)Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, United States, (2)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (3)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (4)University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rochester, United States, (5)Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INRAE, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France, (6)University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY, United States

Chinonso Obiefule, University of Texas at Austin, College of Natural Sciences, Austin, United States, Miranda Miranda, University of California Irvine, Earth System Sciences, Irvine, United States, John Patterson, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States, Eric S Saltzman, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, Vasilii V Petrenko, University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rochester, NY, United States and Alexander C. Ihle, University of Rochester, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Rochester, United States

Samantha Gass¹, Abigail Hudak², Asmita Banerjee³, Ivo Strawson⁴, Edward Brook⁵, Christo Buizert³, John A Higgins⁶, Valens Hishamunda⁷, Andrew J Schauer⁸, Sarah Shackleton⁹ and Eric J. Steig⁸, (1)Bryn Mawr College, Bryn Mawr, PA, United States, (2)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (3)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (4)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (5)Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States, (6)Princeton University, Princeton, United States, (7)Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, (8)University of Washington, Seattle, United States, (9)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States

Valens Hishamunda¹, Sarah Shackleton^2,3, Julia Marks Peterson⁴, Edward J Brook⁴, Austin Carter⁵, Sarah M Aarons⁵, Andrei V Kurbatov⁶, Douglas Introne⁷, Yu Zhen Yan⁸, Christo Buizert⁹, Abigail Hudak⁴, Asmita Banerjee⁹, Lindsey Davidge¹⁰, Eric J. Steig¹⁰, Andrew J Schauer¹⁰, Liam Kirkpatrick¹⁰, Tyler J Fudge¹⁰, Jacob Morgan⁵, Peter D Neff¹¹, Jenna Epifanio⁴, Jeffrey P Severinghaus⁵, Sierra Streit⁵, Fairuz Ishraque³, Michael L Bender³ and John A Higgins³, (1)Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, (2)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States, (3)Princeton University, Princeton, United States, (4)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (5)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (6)University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States, (7)University of Maine, Orono, United States, (8)Tongji University, Shanghai, China, (9)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (10)University of Washington, Seattle, United States, (11)University of Minnesota Twin Cities, St. Paul, United States

John Michael N Aguilar¹, Elizabeth K Thomas², Nancy Leon², Allie Balter-Kennedy³, Jason P Briner², Joerg Schaefer⁴ and Isla S. Castañeda⁵, (1)University at Buffalo, Department of Chemistry, Buffalo, NY, United States, (2)University at Buffalo, Department of Earth Sciences, Buffalo, United States, (3)Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, United States, (4)Columbia University of New York, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, United States, (5)University of Massachusetts Amherst, Department of Earth, Geographic, and Climate Sciences, Amherst, MA, United States

Kira Michelle Holland, MSc¹, Alison Criscitiello¹, Joseph R McConnell², Bradley Markle³, Hanaa Yousif¹, Emma Skelton^4,5, Sophia Wensman², Britta J.L. Jensen¹, Dominic Winski⁴ and Nathan Chellman², (1)University of Alberta, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada, (2)Desert Research Institute, Division of Hydrologic Science, Reno, United States, (3)University of Colorado Boulder, Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, Department of Geological Sciences, Boulder, United States, (4)University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Orono, United States, (5)Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, United States

Andrei V Kurbatov¹, Geoffrey Hargreaves², Roisin Rumsey³, Sara Akiba⁴, Daniel Breton⁵, Edward J Brook⁶, Christo Buizert⁷, John M Fegyveresi⁸, Tyler J Fudge⁹, Curtis LaBombard², Richard Nunn² and Mikhail N Zhizhin¹⁰, (1)University of Maine, Orono, ME, United States, (2)U.S. National Science Foundation Ice Core Facility, Lakewood, United States, (3)University of Maine, Climate Change Institute, Orono, United States, (4)Princeton University, Department of Geosciences, Princeton, NJ, United States, (5)ERDC-CRREL, Hanover, United States, (6)Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States, (7)Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, (8)The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, United States, (9)University of Washington, Earth and Space Sciences, Seattle, United States, (10)Colorado School of Mines, Payne Institute for Public Policy, Golden, United States