River temperature is a key water‑quality indicator shaped by interactions among climate, hydrological processes, watershed characteristics, and human activities. Human‑driven factors (land‑use change, infrastructure development, flow regulation, and water management) can significantly modify thermal regimes, often in combination with climatic and hydrological controls in complex, scale‑dependent ways. Growing evidence shows that river temperatures are rising worldwide; however, the influence of specific drivers varies across space and time, making attribution, prediction, and effective management more challenging. This session seeks contributions that employ observational analyses, data‑driven approaches, experimental studies, and process‑based or hybrid modeling frameworks to investigate drivers of river temperature across spatial and temporal scales. We welcome studies of both modified systems and undisturbed landscapes that serve as sentinels of climate change. Contributions that undertake comparative analyses, disentangle interacting natural and anthropogenic controls, and explicitly link process understanding to management and mitigation strategies for stream temperature warming are particularly encouraged.