Climate induced metal enrichment in sediments of ferruginous Lake Towuti, Indonesia

Hendrik Vogel, University of Bern, Institute of Geological Sciences and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, Bern, Switzerland, James M Russell, Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Providence, United States, Kassandra Costa, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Geology and Geophysics, Woods Hole, United States, Sri Yudawati Cahyarini, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bandung, Indonesia and Satria Bijaksana, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
Abstract:
Lake Towuti (2.75o S, 121.5o E; 560 km2, 205 m WD) is a tectonic, ferruginous, and hyposulfidic lake in central Sulawesi, Indonesia. The region’s tropical climate causes intense chemical weathering and fast denudation of the ultramafic bedrock surrounding the lake supplying metal rich lateritic weathering products to the lake. Lake Towuti is thermally stratified, with anoxic conditions below ~140m water depth, that promote reductive dissolution of metal oxides in its bottom waters and surface sediments. The upper 90m of the water column mix during the dry season due to evaporative cooling of the surface waters.

We infer that the burial efficiency of redox-sensitive metals is closely linked and extremely sensitive to the climatically controlled mixing state of Lake Towuti. Indeed, results from our piston cores covering the past 60kyr document that the concentration of individual redox-sensitive metals in Towuti’s sediments is up to 30% higher during the dry MIS 2 compared to wetter periods of MIS 3 and the Holocene, likely as a result of better preservation of metal oxides in a well-oxygenated water column and surface sediment. Highest (>2x) enrichment factors for redox-sensitive metals are, however, associated with a ~1cm thick oxide layer occurring at the transition from the wet, early- to the drier, mid-Holocene. Enrichment of metal oxides in this layer can not entirely be explained by better preservation alone. CT and SEM analysis on the respective layer reveal the abundance of amorphous Fe/Mn- oxide nodules, indicative for diagenetic formation of these phases in pore spaces. We interpret this oxide layer as a buried redox front that formed close to or at the sediment water interface during a phase characterized by a well-ventilated water column and relatively constant and low sedimentation rate. Preservation of this oxide layer is likely a result of a rapid change in sedimentation rate and/or mixing state of the lake.

More detailed analyses aiming at a better characterization of the processes that shaped the environment suitable for the formation of this diagenetically formed oxide layer are currently underway and may yield valuable insight into processes that possibly controlled the formation of similar deposits in ancient ferruginous and hyposulfidic environments on Earth.

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