Heterogeneity of CH4 and net CO2 Fluxes Using Nested Chamber, Tower, Aircraft, Remote Sensing, and Modeling Approaches in Arctic Alaska for Regional Flux Estimation

Walter C Oechel1,2, Virginie Moreaux3, Aram A M Kalhori3, Patrick Murphy3, Eric Wilkman3, Cove Sturtevant4, Qianlai Zhuang5, Charles E Miller6, Steven J Dinardo7, Joshua Fisher8, Beniamino Gioli9, Donatella Zona10,11 and CARVE Science Team, (1)San Diego State University, Department of Biology, San Diego, CA, United States, (2)University of Exeter, Department of Geography, Exeter, United Kingdom, (3)San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, United States, (4)University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, United States, (5)Purdue University, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, United States, (6)California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, United States, (7)Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, (8)Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States, (9)CNR National Research Council, Rome, Italy, (10)San Diego State University, Department of Biology, San Diego, United States, (11)University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Science, Sheffield, United Kingdom
Abstract:
The topographic, environmental, biotic, and metabolic heterogeneity of terrestrial ecosystems and landscapes can be large even despite a seemingly homogeneous landscape. The error of estimating and simulating fluxes due to extant heterogeneity is commonly overlooked in regional and global estimates. Here we evaluate the pattern and controls on spatial heterogeneity on CH4 and CO2 fluxes over varying spatial scales. Data from the north slope of Alaska from chambers, up to a 16 year CO2 flux record from up to 7 permanent towers, over 20 portable tower locations, eddy covariance CH4 fluxes over several years and sites, new year-around CO2 and CH4 flux installations, hundreds of hours of aircraft concentration and fluxes, and terrestrial biosphere and flux inverse modeling, are used to evaluate the spatial variability of fluxes and to better estimate regional fluxes. Significant heterogeneity of fluxes is identified at varying scales from sub-meter scale to >100km.

A careful consideration of the effect that heterogeneity causes when estimating ecosystem fluxes is critical to reliable regional and global estimates. The combination of eddy covariance tower flux, aircraft, remote sensing, and modeling can be used to provide reliable, accurate, regional assessments of CH4 and CO2 fluxes from large areas of heterogeneous landscape.

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