Xiao Huang^1,2, Chaoqing Yu^2,3, Tongbi Tu⁴, Shaoqiang Ni², Shengchao Qiao², Jim W Hall⁵, Mats Höglind¹ and Hanna Silvennoinen¹, (1)Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway, (2)Tsinghua University, Department of Earth System Science, Beijing, China, (3)Cross-strait Tsinghua Research Institute, AI for Earth Laboratory, Xiaomen, China, (4)University of California Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, CA, United States, (5)University of Oxford, Environmental Change Institute, Oxford, United Kingdom