Leigh A Stearns, University of Kansas, Department of Geology, Lawrence, KS, United States, Cornelis Jakob van der Veen, University of Kansas, Department of Geography, Lawrence, KS, United States, Ginny A Catania, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States and David C Finnegan, US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, United States