Creighton McMaster Litton, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Natural Resources and Environmental Management, Honolulu, HI, United States, Christian P Giardina, USDA Forest Service, Vallejo, CA, United States, Paul Selmants, U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, United States and Jed P Sparks, Cornell University, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ithaca, United States