Kai Wang¹, Yilong Wang², Xuhui Wang³, Shilong Piao³, Yue He³, Xiangyi Li⁴, Philippe Ciais², Martin Heimann⁵, Shushi Peng³, Frédéric Chevallier², Pierre Friedlingstein⁶, Stephen Sitch⁷, Wolfgang Buermann⁸, Vivek Arora⁹, Vanessa Elizabeth Haverd¹⁰, Atul K Jain¹¹, Etsushi Kato¹², Sebastian Lienert¹³, Danica Lombardozzi¹⁴, Julia Nabel¹⁵, Benjamin Poulter¹⁶, Nicolas Vuichard², Andy Wiltshire¹⁷, Ning Zeng¹⁸, Dan Zhu¹⁹ and Corinne Le Quere²⁰, (1)Peking University, Beijing, China, (2)LSCE Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France, (3)Peking University, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China, (4)Nanjing University, Nanjing, China, (5)MPI for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany, (6)University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom, (7)University of Exeter, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Exeter, United Kingdom, (8)University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany, (9)Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada, (10)CSIRO Canberra, Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia, (11)University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States, (12)National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan, (13)University of Bern, Climate and Environmental Physics, Bern, Switzerland, (14)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States, (15)Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany, (16)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (17)Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom, (18)University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States, (19)CEA Saclay DSM / LSCE, Gif sur Yvette, France, (20)University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4, United Kingdom