Qinghua Ding¹, Axel J B Schweiger², Michelle L L'Heureux³, Eric J. Steig⁴, David Battisti⁴, Nathaniel C Johnson⁵, Edward Blanchard-Wrigglesworth⁶, Stephen Po-Chedley², Qin Zhang⁷, Kirstin Harnos⁷, Mitchell Bushuk⁸, Bradley R Markle⁹ and Ian Baxter¹⁰, (1)Organization Not Listed, Washington, DC, United States, (2)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Seattle, WA, United States, (3)NOAA/NWS/NCEP/CPC, College Park, MD, United States, (4)University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, (5)University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States, (6)University of Washington Seattle Campus, Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States, (7)CPC NCEP, College Park, MD, United States, (8)Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States, (9)California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, (10)University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, United States