Yawen Duan, Key Laboratory of Regional Climate–Environment for Temperate East Asia (RCE-TEA), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, Ma Zhuguo, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing, China, Peili Wu, Hadley Centre Met Office, Exter, United Kingdom and Xiaolong Chen, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, CAS, LASG, Beijing, China