Ran Feng, University of Connecticut, Department of Geosciences, Storrs, CT, United States, Bette L Otto-Bliesner, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, Yangyang Xu, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States, Esther C Brady, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, Tamara Fletcher, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Missoula, MT, United States and Ashley Ballantyne, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, United States