Pete Riley, Predictive Science Inc., San Diego, CA, United States, Emanuel Bernabeu, PJM Interconnection, Audubon, PA, United States, Jeffrey J Love, USGS Geomagnetism Program, Denver, CO, United States, Antti A Pulkkinen, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, Adam Schultz, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States and Alan W P Thomson, British Geological Survey, Edinburgh, United Kingdom