Jan P Perlwitz, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States; Climate, Aerosol, and Pollution Research, LLC, Bronx, NY, United States, Daniel Alexander Knopf, Stony Brook University, Institute for Terrestrial and Planetary Atmospheres / School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook, NY, United States and Ron L Miller, NASA/GISS, New York, NY, United States