Ann Chalmers, U.S. Geological Survey, Montpelier, VT, United States, James B Shanley, USGS, Montpelier, VT, United States, Stephen Sebestyen, USDA Forest Service Northern Research Station, Grand Rapids, MN, United States, Scott W Bailey, US Forest Service Newtown Square, Center for Research on Ecosystem Change, Newtown Square, PA, United States and David G Chandler, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States