P028
Planetary Atmospheres and Evolution

Session ID#: 79425

Session Description:
Understanding the nature and variability of (exo)planetary atmospheres, the physical mechanisms governing these atmospheres, and their chemical evolution are strong driving forces of planetary science and solar system exploration mission planning. While the long-term evolution of the Earth is constrained by geological studies and isotopic analyses, the evolutionary paths of other planets must be reconstructed from data obtained through astronomical observations and planetary missions. Models of planetary atmospheres use these observations to illuminate governing physical processes operating from the Earth to other planets in our solar system and beyond. The rapidly increasing number of discovered exoplanets provides a new opportunity for interdisciplinary collaborations between heliophysicists, astrophysicists, geoscientists, biochemists, planetary and climate scientists concerning the physical and chemical evolution of (exo)planetary atmospheres and planetary habitability. This session welcomes observational, theoretical, experimental, and field studies relevant to the atmospheres, evolution, and habitability of planets in and outside of our solar system.
Index Terms:

5210 Planetary atmospheres, clouds, and hazes [PLANETARY SCIENCES: ASTROBIOLOGY]
5405 Atmospheres [PLANETARY SCIENCES: SOLID SURFACE PLANETS]
6207 Comparative planetology [PLANETARY SCIENCES: SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS]
6296 Extra-solar planets [PLANETARY SCIENCES: SOLAR SYSTEM OBJECTS]

Primary Convener:  Feng Tian, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
Conveners:  Cedric Gillmann, Royal Observatory of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium and Vladimir Airapetian, SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States
Primary Liaison:  Feng Tian, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
 
Adaptive Estimation of Thermal Conductivity Coefficients in the Global Ionosphere Thermosphere Model (485199)
Brandon Ponder1, Ankit Goel2, Dennis S Bernstein2 and Aaron J Ridley3, (1)University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, (2)University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Aerospace Engineering, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, (3)Univ Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
 
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter - New Results and Future Plans (490155)
Hakan Svedhem1, Jorge Luis Vago1 and Daniel Rodionov2, (1)European Space Agency, Noordwijk, Netherlands, (2)IKI, Moscow, Russia
 
VALEDAS; Venus AFES (atmospheric GCM for the Earth Simulator) LETKF (local ensemble transform Kalman filter) data assimilation system. (493887)
Norihiko Sugimoto, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan and VALEDAS team
 
Carbon Photochemical Escape Rates from the Modern Mars Atmosphere (495944)
Daniel Lo1, Robert J Lillis2, Justin Deighan3, Roger V Yelle4, Sonal Jain3 and Nicholas McCord Schneider5, (1)University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States, (2)Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, United States, (4)University of Arizona, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, Tucson, AZ, United States, (5)Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States
 
The Early and Long Term Evolution of Venus and its Atmosphere. (498691)
Cedric Gillmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, G-Time, Brussel, Belgium, Gregor Golabek, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, Sean N. Raymond, Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France, Paul J Tackley, ETH Zürich, Department of Earth Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland and Vinciane Debaille, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
 
Recovering the Earth’s Climate with the ROCKE3D Global Climate Model (500343)
Scott Guzewich1, Michael Way2, Linda E Sohl3, Giada N Arney1, Anthony D Del Genio2, Eric T Wolf4 and Ravi Kopparapu5, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States, (3)Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, (4)University of Colorado at Boulder, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States, (5)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar System Exploration Division, Greenbelt, MD, United States
 
The bridge to benzene: searching for C4 and C5 molecules in Titan's atmosphere (504295)
Conor A Nixon1, M Cordiner1, Alexander E Thelen1, Zbigniew Kisiel2, Nicholas A Teanby3, Patrick GJ Irwin4, Steven B Charnley1 and Yi-Jehng Kuan5, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics, Warsaw, Poland, (3)University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom, (4)University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom, (5)National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
 
Simulations of the Influence of Wave Variations on the Cloud-Level Atmosphere on Venus or Venus-Like Exoplanets (504626)
Helen F Parish, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Jonathan Mitchell, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric & Oceanic Sciences; Department of Earth, Planetary & Space Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
 
CHEMISTRY OF ODD NITROGEN IN THE MARTIAN THERMOSPHERE/IONOSPHERE (506943)
Jane Lee Fox, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States, Michael H Stevens, Naval Research Lab DC, Space Science Division, Washington, DC, United States and The MAVEN IUVS team and the MAVEN NGIMS team
 
Ground-Based Observational Analysis of Venus’s Atmospheric Features in UV (508849)
Ryan M. McCabe1, Kunio M Sayanagi1, John J Blalock1, Jacob Gunnarson1, Javier Peralta2, Candace Gray3, Kevin McGouldrick4, Takeshi Imamura5, Shigeto Watanabe6 and Yeon Joo Lee7, (1)Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States, (2)ISAS/JAXA, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, (3)New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, NM, United States, (4)University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, (5)JAXA, Kanagawa, Japan, (6)Hokkaido Univ, Sapporo, Japan, (7)JAXA Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
 
Stability of atmospheric redox states of early Mars inferred from time response of the regulation of H and O losses (509139)
Shungo Koyama, Naoki Terada, Hiromu Nakagawa and Takeshi Kuroda, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
 
Meteorite Outgassing Experiments to Inform Chemical Abundances of Super-Earth Atmospheres (509698)
Maggie Thompson1, Jonathan J Fortney2, Myriam Telus3, David Lederman4 and Toyanath Joshi4, (1)Reston, VA, United States, (2)University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States, (3)University of California Santa Cruz, Earth & Planetary Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA, United States, (4)University of California Santa Cruz, Physics, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
 
The cosmic-ray induced ionization, radiation dose, and habitability of Venus(-like planets) (513905)
Konstantin Herbst1, Sasha Banjac1 and Tom Nordheim2, (1)University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany, (2)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States
 
The Influence of Melt Trapping and Redox Condition on the Evolution of a Martian Magma Ocean and Protoatmosphere (514208)
Saswata Hier-Majumder, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom and Marc M Hirschmann, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Department of Earth Sciences, Minneapolis, MN, United States
 
Pressure-dependence of silicate weathering feedback may be weaker than usually assumed in studies of rocky planet climate (519520)
Robert James Graham, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom and Raymond Pierrehumbert, University of Oxford, Department of Physics, Oxford, United Kingdom
 
Climate on High Obliquity Planets (522623)
Wanying Kang, Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, Eli Tziperman, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA., Cambridge, MA, United States and Ming Cai, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
 
Atmospheric Evolution and Persistence of Martian Habitability from Isotope Ratios Measured by MSL and MAVEN (526874)
Paul R Mahaffy1, Heather B. Franz1, Christopher R Webster2, Sushil K Atreya3, Mehdi Benna1, Peter Martin4 and Michael H Wong5, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, (3)University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, (4)California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, (5)University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
 
Constraints on Mars' paleopressure history from small ancient craters: new results and a new synthesis (538367)
Alexandra Warren, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, Edwin Stephen Kite, Jean-Pierre Williams, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Briony H. N. Horgan, Purdue University, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, United States
 
SALSA – Solar Applied pLanetary dataSet cAlibration (541505)
Emma Patricia Lieb, Josh Elliott and Martin A Snow, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, United States
 
Exploring the evolution of the coupled mantle-atmosphere system: A 1D parameterized approach (542049)
Matt B Weller, Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Providence, RI, United States, Alexander J Evans, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States and Alexandria V Johnson, Purdue University, Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, United States
 
Effect of Space Weather on Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate (549849)
Benjamin Hayworth, Pennsylvania State University Main Campus, Geosciences, University Park, PA, United States, Peng Liu, Peking University, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Beijing, China and James F Kasting, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
 
Oxidized micrometeorites suggest either high pCO2 or low pN2 during the Neoarchean (549976)
Rebecca Caitlin Payne, Pennsylvania State University Main Campus, University Park, PA, United States, Donald E Brownlee, University of Washington Seattle Campus, Seattle, United States and James F Kasting, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
 
The Climate of Early Earth Under the Young Sun (553560)
Michael Way, NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States, Vladimir Airapetian, SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, Guillaume Gronoff, NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA, United States and Eric T Wolf, University of Colorado at Boulder, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States
 
Assessing the Solar Neutron and Gamma-ray Contribution to Early Earth’s Atmospheric Ingredients of Life (553645)
J. Grant Mitchell1,2, Georgia Adair de Nolfo1, Vladimir Airapetian3, Alessandro Bruno1, Eric R Christian4, Ian G Richardson1 and James M Ryan5, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)George Washington University, Department of Physics, Washington, MD, United States, (3)SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (4)NASA GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (5)Univ New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States
 
Martian Microcraters as Evidence For Obliquity-Driven Pressure Variations (555697)
Raquel Nuno, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States and David A Paige, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
 
Impact of High-Altitude Hazes on the Observed Mass-Radius Relationship of Exoplanets (556585)
Xi Zhang, University of California Santa Cruz, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA, United States and Peter Gao, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States
 
Towards the Development of an (exo) Planetary Ionosphere-Thermosphere Tool for Research (557985)
Alex Glocer1, Suk-Bin Kang1, Kausik Chatterjee1, Vladimir Airapetian2, Jared Micheal Bell3 and William Danchi4, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Division, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (3)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 675, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (4)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States
 
Does Non-Thermal Escape Inhibit Abiotic O2 Build-up? (559878)
Hilary Lauren Egan, University of Colorado Boulder, Astrophysical and Planetary Science, Boulder, CO, United States and David Brain, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
 
Evidence for a transition from a long-lived “cold and icy” climate to a short-lived “warm and wet” climate in the Late Noachian (564389)
Ashley Margaret Palumbo and James W Head III, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
 
Building Blocks of Life on Early Earth and Mars Under the Young Sun (566281)
Vladimir Airapetian, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Division, Greenbelt, MD, United States, Guillaume Gronoff, NASA LaRC, Hampton, VA, United States and Kensei Kobayashi, Yokohama National University, Faculty of Engineering, Division of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Yokohama, Japan
 
XUV and Joule heating driven atmospheric escape from the Early Earth and Earth-sized exoplanets around active stars (569156)
Suk-Bin Kang1,2, Kausik Chatterjee1, Alex Glocer1, Vladimir Airapetian1,3, Jared Micheal Bell1 and William Danchi4, (1)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Division, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (2)Catholic University of America, Physics, Washington, DC, United States, (3)SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (4)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States
 
Ionizing Radiation in the Martian Atmosphere during Young Sun. (569915)
Yosuke Alexandre Yamashiki1, Hiroyuki Maehara2, Yuta Notsu3, Tatsuhiko Sato4, Vladimir Airapetian5, Shota Notsu3 and Kazunari Shibata6, (1)Yamashiki Laboratory Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability Kyoto University, Gokasho Uji, Japan, (2)NAOJ, Subaru Telescope Okayama Branch Office, Asakuchi, Japan, (3)Kyoto University, Department of Astronomy, Kyoto, Japan, (4)Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Japan, (5)SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (6)Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
 
The influence of carbon escape on the evolution of the Martian atmosphere (572074)
Ryosuke Yagi, Naoki Terada, Shungo Koyama, Takeshi Kuroda, Hiromu Nakagawa, Isao Murata and Yasumasa Kasaba, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
 
Atmospheric Oxidation Chemistry of Meteor Ablated Phosphorus (578404)
Kevin Mark Douglas1, Thomas Peter Mangan1, David Lawrence Bones2, Juan Diego Carrillo Sánchez3, Mark A Blitz4 and John M C Plane1, (1)University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2, United Kingdom, (2)University of Leeds, School of Chemistry, Leeds, United Kingdom, (3)University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom, (4)National Centre for Atmospheric Science, Leeds, United Kingdom
 
Atmospheric Escape Processes and Planetary Atmospheric Evolution: from misconceptions to challenges (586130)
Guillaume Gronoff1, Jared Micheal Bell2, Gaël Cessateur3, Ofer Cohen4, Jeremy J Drake5, Meredith K Elrod6, Justin Erwin7, Katherine Garcia-Sage8, Cecilia Garraffo5, Alex Glocer9, Nicholas G Heavens10, Shannon Curry11, Kylie Lovato12, Romain Maggiolo13, Christopher Dennis Parkinson14, Cyril Simon Wedlund15, Daniel R Weimer16, William Moore12 and Phil Arras17, (1)Science Systems and Applications, Inc. Hampton, Hampton, VA, United States, (2)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 675, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (3)Belgisch Instituut voor Ruimte-Aeronomie, Brussel, Belgium, (4)Harvard-Smithsonian CfA, Cambridge, MA, United States, (5)Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, United States, (6)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (7)Royal Belgian Insitute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, (8)Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (9)NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (10)Hampton University, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton, VA, United States, (11)Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States, (12)Hampton University, Hampton, VA, United States, (13)BIRA/IASB, Brussels, Belgium, (14)University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States, (15)Institut für Weltraumforschung (IWF), Graz, Austria, (16)Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States, (17)University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
 
Exodus from Osiris: Quantifying the Mass Escape from HD 209458 b. (599030)
Jared Micheal Bell, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Division, Greenbelt, MD, United States, Alex Glocer, NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, United States, Ofer Cohen, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, United States, Vladimir Airapetian, SEEC/NASA Goddard Space Flight Center & American University, DC, SEEC, Greenbelt, MD, United States and Phil Arras, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
 
Mars Atmospheric Loss is Enhanced by Lower Atmospheric Dynamics, Including Regional Dust Storms (599619)
Michael Chaffin1, David M Kass2, Shohei Aoki3, Anna Fedorova4, Justin Deighan1, Jean-Yves Chaufray5, Kyle Connour1, Nicholas G Heavens6, Armin Kleinboehl2, Sonal Jain1, Majd Mayyasi7, John T Clarke7, Nicholas McCord Schneider8, Bruce Martin Jakosky9, Geronimo L Villanueva10, Giuliano Liuzzi11, Frank Daerden12, Ian Thomas13, Jose J Lopez-Moreno14, Manish Patel15, Giancarlo Bellucci16, Ann Carine Vandaele13, Alexander Trokhimovskiy4, Franck Montmessin17 and Oleg Korablev4, (1)Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, United States, (2)Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, (3)Royal Belgian Insitute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, (4)Space Research Institute RAS, Moscow, Russia, (5)LATMOS Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Paris Cedex 05, France, (6)Hampton University, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton, VA, United States, (7)Boston University, Boston, MA, United States, (8)Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States, (9)University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, UNITED STATES, (10)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, (11)NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, United States, (12)Royal Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, (13)Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy, Brussels, Belgium, (14)Inst Astrofisica Andalucia, Granada, Spain, (15)Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom, (16)IAPS-INAF, Rome, Italy, (17)LATMOS Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne université, CNRS, Paris, France
 
Modeling Pluto's atmosphere: temperature distribution and rotational emission lightcurves (604409)
Linfeng Wan, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States and Xi Zhang, UC Santa Cruz, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
 
FISM-P: A Solar EUV and FUV Irradiance Model Optimized for Planetary Aeronomy (605363)
Edward Thiemann, Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, United States, Phillip C Chamberlin, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, United States, Francis Epavier, Univ Colorado, Boulder, CO, United States and Thomas N Woods, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States
 
The effect of interior evolution on the long-term carbon cycle and the habitability of terrestrial planets (605483)
Dennis Höning, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands, Nicola Tosi, Technical University Berlin, Berlin, Germany and Tilman Spohn, German Aerospace Center DLR Berlin, Berlin, Germany
 
3D climate simulations of Earth-like planets with a range of atmospheric composition, radiative transfer, ocean, and resolution configurations, using the new version of ROCKE-3D (607547)
Kostas Tsigaridis1, Anthony D Del Genio2, Igor D Aleinov3, Maxwell Kelley2, Michael Way2, Linda E Sohl3 and Reto Ruedy4, (1)Columbia University of New York, Palisades, NY, United States, (2)NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States, (3)Columbia University, New York, NY, United States, (4)NASA GISS, New York, NY, United States
 
The Shape, Structure, and Dynamics of Volatile-Driven Exospheres on Airless Bodies Across the Solar System (612477)
David B Goldstein1, Jordan Steckloff2, Philip L Varghese1 and Laurence M Trafton1, (1)University of Texas at Austin, Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Austin, TX, United States, (2)The Univ. of Texas at Austin, Dept. of Aerospace Engineering, Austin, TX, United States
 
Exploring a Reducing Greenhouse Environment for Early Mars in the Aftermath of an Impact (616123)
Kathryn Steakley1, Melinda A Kahre1, Robert Michael Haberle2 and Kevin J Zahnle3, (1)NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States, (2)NASA Ames Res Ctr, Moffett Field, CA, United States, (3)NASA, Moffett Field, CA, United States
 
Isotopic Fractionation during Hydrodynamic Hydrogen Escape from Ancient Mars (617577)
Kevin J Zahnle, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States and Marko Gacesa, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, United States
 
Impact of Atmospheric Escape on the Climate of Noachian Mars (619089)
Feng Tian, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
 
The Snowball Bifurcation on Tidally Locked Planets (619820)
Jade Checlair1, Dorian S Abbot2, Malte Jansen1, Kristen Menou3, Stephanie Olson2, Adiv Paradise4 and Andrea M Salazar5, (1)University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, (2)The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States, (3)University of Toronto, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Toronto, ON, Canada, (4)University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, (5)The University of Chicago, Chicago_, United States
 
Impact-generated Atmospheres on the Early Earth (632662)
Roxana Lupu, Bay Area Environmental Research Institute Moffett Field, Moffett Field, CA, United States, Bruce Fegley Jr, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States, Kevin J Zahnle, NASA, Moffett Field, CA, United States, Richard Freedman, SETI Institute / Nasa Ames, Moffett Field, United States and Mark S Marley, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, United States
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