Alternative societal solutions to pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment

Abstract:

Environmental contamination with pharmaceuticals is widespread, inducing risks to both human health and the environment. This study explores potential societal solutions to human and veterinary pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. To this end, we adopt transition research’s multi-level perspective framework, which allows us to understand the dynamics underlying pharmaceutical emissions and to recognize social and technical factors triggering change. Our qualitative analysis is based on data collected through literature research and interviews with actors from pharmaceutical industry, the health and agricultural sector. This transdisciplinary research aims to comprehensively investigate dynamics along the entire pharmaceutical lifecycle. From there on potential future solutions are identified, including related requirements for as well as barriers to pathways leading to these solutions. Furthermore, the role of involved key actors is described for each pathway. The three alternative societal solutions identified are: 1) accepting pharmaceuticals in the environment - substantial changes to the system are not required; 2) reconfiguring the current system by implementing various innovations that reduce pharmaceutical emissions; 3) fundamentally changing the current system to (largely) avoid pharmaceutical emissions. The paper further elicits societal, financial, organizational, regulatory and technological requirements that can facilitate implementation of these solutions. This work is novel as it constitutes a systemic view on all stages of the pharmaceutical lifecycle, linking options and measures along the entire lifecycle to a synthesis resulting in societal solutions, framed as transition processes. Deriving societal solutions from key actor’s perspectives is innovative and provides insights to reflect on choices societies and decision makers are going to have to make regarding pharmaceuticals in the environment.