The water resource management of the Nile basin is becoming increasingly contentious, with increasing drought frequency, addition of dams, and increasing demand. In this session, we welcome possible science-based solutions that could contribute to solving transboundary water conflict problems. Examples of relevant research questions include, but are not limited to: (1) What are the optimal filling strategies for the Great Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)? (2) What are possible water management strategies during droughts? (3) What are the missed opportunities that could lead to win-win solutions? (4) What are the key data gaps limiting our understanding of transboundary water issues? (5) How can basin-wide integrated water resources management address the transboundary issues? (6) What are the opportunities to increase water productivity? (7) What are possible treaties that could lead to win-win solutions? (8) How could remote sensing and models help to provide scientific information to solve transboundary water issues?