A001
Advances in Methods and Technologies for Emission Monitoring and Exposure Assessment to Hazardous Air Pollutants

Session ID#: 159929

Session Description:
Technological advancements of the past decade offer great promise for air quality applications. Modern optical in-situ and remote sensing technologies, mass-balance methods, tracer release techniques, and low-cost sensors are now being routinely used in emissions monitoring and community exposure studies. These technologies enable near real-time emissions monitoring and exposure assessment to hazardous air pollutants (HAP) with unprecedented temporal- and spatial resolution, therefore offering the promise of monitoring emissions from industrial facilities and their impact on neighboring communities. Furthermore, more accurate information on site-specific emissions can better explain discrepancies between observations and bottom-up estimates of emission inventories. Ultimately these data can inform effective policy decisions. This session solicits observational, technical and theoretical contributions that provide insights into the application of novel and well-established methods for emissions quantification and exposure evaluations.
Index Terms:

0240 Public health [GEOHEALTH]
0345 Pollution: urban and regional [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0365 Troposphere: composition and chemistry [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]
0394 Instruments and techniques [ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE]

Primary Convener:  Olga Pikelnaya, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, United States
Conveners:  Tara Irene Yacovitch, Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, United States and Jochen Stutz, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
Student/Early Career Convener:  Olga Pikelnaya, South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, United States
 
Estimating NOx emissions with numerical modeling and deep learning estimated complete surface NO2 map (1099651)
Jia Jung1,2, Yunsoo Choi3, Masoud Ghahremanloo2, Yannic Lops2,4, Mahmoudreza Momeni2 and Sha Feng5, (1)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Richland, United States, (2)University of Houston, Houston, United States, (3)University of Houston, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Houston, United States, (4)Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, United States, (5)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Richland, WA, United States
 
Characterization of the Single Fungal Aerosol Particles in the Simulated Atmospheric Environment by Using Optical Trapping-Raman Spectroscopy (1100230)
Yukai Ai1, Chuji Wang1, Yong-Le Pan2 and Gorden Videen2, (1)Mississippi State University, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Mississippi State, United States, (2)Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, United States
 
The “1st Nuclear Explosion Signal Screening Open Inter-Comparison Exercise 2021” – Advancing the Support to the Radionuclide Monitoring Verification Technology of the CTBT (1102375)
Robin Schoemaker1, Jolanta Kusmierczyk-Michulec1, Boxue Liu1, Anne Tipka1, Yuichi Kijima1, Jonathan Baré1, Martin Kalinowski1, Christian Maurer2, Paul Skomorowski2, Alexander Hieden2, Delia Arnold-Arias2, Brian Schrom3, Jennifer Mendez3 and Jerome Briode4, (1)CTBTO Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Vienna, Austria, (2)ZAMG Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics, Vienna, Austria, (3)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States, (4)Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, Saint-Denis, Reunion
 
Sample Association at IMS Radionuclide Stations by using Anomalous Concentration Episodes and Decay-Consistent Isotopic Ratios (1102880)
Yuichi Kijima, Robin Schoemaker, Boxue Liu, Anne Tipka, Martin Ertl, Jolanta Kusmierczyk-Michulec and Martin Kalinowski, CTBTO Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization, Vienna, Austria
 
A Single Method for Quantifying Vehicle Exhaust Emissions Measured using a Range of Remote Emission Sensing Technologies (1104502)
Naomi J. Farren1, Shona Wilde1, Rebecca L Wagner1, Christina Schmidt2,3, Hannes Juchem3 and David Carslaw1, (1)University of York, Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, York, United Kingdom, (2)Airyx GmbH, Justus-von-Liebig-Str. 14, Eppelheim, Germany, (3)University of Heidelberg, Institute of Environmental Physics, INF 229, Heidelberg, Germany
 
Justification of on-board radiometric calibration in the Aerosol-UA space experiment (1104592)
Ivan Syniavskyi1, Vassyl Danylevsky1,2, Yevgen Oberemok1,2, Yuriy Ivanov1, Roman Osypenko1,2, Mikhail Mikhail Sosonkin1, Gennadi P Milinevsky2,3 and Ihor Fesianov2, (1)Main Astronomical Observatory NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, (2)Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, (3)Jilin University, Changchun, China
 
Deep Ensemble Learning Strategy for the Estimation of Surface Ozone Concentrations in China (1107452)
Qingqing He, Wuhan University of Technology, No.122 Luoshi Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, China and Weihang Wang Sr., Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
 
Towards Automated Processing of Fenceline Sensor Data (1108865)
Megan MacDonald, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, EPA, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States, Eben Thoma, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, United States, Ingrid J George, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, United States and Rachelle Duvall, US EPA, Research Triangle Park, United States
 
Air quality observations onboard commercial and targeted Zeppelinflights in Germany – a platform for high-resolution trace-gas andaerosol measurements within the planetary boundary layer (1112832)
Georgios Gkatzelis1, Ralf Tillmann2, Franz Rohrer1, Benjamin Winter3, Christian Wesolek3, Tobias Schuldt3, Anne Caroline Lange Dr.4, Philipp Franke Dr.4, Elmar Friese Dr.4, Michael Decker5, Robert Wegener6, Morten Hund7, Oleg Aseev7 and Astrid Kiendler-Scharr1, (1)Forschungszentrum Jülich, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Jülich, Germany, (2)Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany, (3)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Jülich, Germany, (4)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany, Institute of Energy and Climate Research: Troposphere (IEK-8), Jülich, Germany, (5)Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH, Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Troposphere (IEK-8), Julich, Germany, (6)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich 52428, Germany, (7)MIRO Analytical AG, Wallisellen, Switzerland
 
A Comparison of a PTR-ToF-MS Against Four Other VOC Measurement Methods Using Standardized Techniques During Fence-line Monitoring in Four States (1117840)
Aikaterini Liangou1, Antonios Tasoglou1, Justin Coughlin2, Katherine Haile2, Leslie Silva3 and Rafael Acosta3, (1)RJ Lee Group, Inc., Monroeville, United States, (2)Environmental Protection Agency, Air & Radiation Division, Chicago, United States, (3)Syft Technologies, Inc., Pittsburgh, United States
 
Development and pilot measurements of a Multichannel Organics In situ enviRonmental Analyzer (MOIRA) for mobile measurements of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (1122415)
Audrey Dang1, Nathan M Kreisberg2, Tyler L Cargill3, Jhao-Hong Chen3, Jay Robert Turner4 and Brent J Williams5, (1)Washington University in St Louis, Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, St. Louis, MO, United States, (2)Aerosol Dynamics Inc., Berkeley, CA, United States, (3)Washington University in St Louis, Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, St. Louis, United States, (4)Washington University in St. Louis, Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, St. Louis, United States, (5)Washington University in St Louis, Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, St. Louis, United States
 
Spatiotemporal Gap-Filling of NASA Satellite-Derived-AOD in the Western U.S. using Machine Learning Techniques (1122668)
Jeffrey Lee1, Heather Holmes2 and Marcela Loría-Salazar1, (1)University of Oklahoma, School of Meteorology, Norman, United States, (2)University of Utah, Department of Chemical Engineering, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
 
Real-time gas-phase analysis using modified commercial liquid chromatography-mass spectrometers (1123351)
Ben Rico, University of California San Diego, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, La Jolla, United States, Robert Pomeroy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States, Kimberly A Prather, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States and Greg Sandstrom, University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States
 
Towards a General Forecasting Framework for Particulate Matter within Urban Environments (1123633)
Fotios Anagnostopoulos, University of Peloponnese, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Athens, Greece, Spyros Rigas, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National and Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece, Christos Tryfonopoulos, University of Peloponnese, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications, Tripoli, Greece, Michalis Papachristou, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece, Ioannis Chaniotis, National and kapodistrian Univesrity of Athens, Department of Physics, Athens, Greece and Paraskevi Raftopoulou, University of Peloponnese, Department of Informatics and Telecommunications,, Tripoli, Greece
 
UV-DOAS Measurements of BTEX in Petrochemical Facilities: Performance, Quality Assessment, and Applications (1131019)
Jochen Stutz1, Santo F Colosimo2, Sol Cooperdock1, Olga Pikelnaya3 and Andrea Polidori3, (1)University of California Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States, (2)University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, (3)South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, United States
 
Monitoring of background ethylene oxide levels in ambient air (1134925)
Gregor Lucic, Jonathan Bent and Karsten Baumann, Picarro, Inc., Santa Clara, United States
 
Trace and Major Elements in Aerosol in Urban Southeastern Pennsylvania, US: Combining SP-AMS Mobile Monitoring with Fixed Site Size-Resolved Measurements by ICP-MS (1135758)
Mina Tehrani1, Edward Fortner2, Ellis Robinson1, Benjamin Werden2, Carolyn Gigot3, Andrea Chiger1, Tara Irene Yacovitch2, Roger Sheu1, Scott Van Bramer4, Thomas A Burke1, Kirsten Koehler1, Keeve E Nachman1, Ana Rule1 and Peter F DeCarlo1, (1)Johns Hopkins University, Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, United States, (2)Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, United States, (3)Johns Hopkins University, Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, MD, United States, (4)Widener University, Chemistry, Chester, United States
 
GROWTH OF HIGH RESOLUTION EMISSION INVENTORY OF BLACK AND ORGANIC CARBON OVER THE INDIAN REGION FROM 20011 TO 2018 (1137727)
Praveen Kumar1, Gufran Beig2, Ravi Yadav1 and Saroj Kumar Sahu3, (1)Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India, (2)National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore, India, (3)Utkal University, P.G. Environment Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India
 
Using CFD to Optimize the Configuration of Negative Pressure Tunnel Ventilation Environment-Controlled Poultry House equipped with Cooling Pads in Taiwan (1140772)
Yi-Ju Liao, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan and Ying-Chieh Chan, NTU National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
 
Establishment of Aircraft Platform for Air Quality Measurement in Korea (1141712)
Beom-Keun Seo1, Jihun Son2, Misun Lee2, Jeonghwan Kim3, Jinyeong Song2, Chisung Yun3, Jimin Lee3, Gangwoong Lee3, Jiseon Lee3, Choi Jin Soo4, Jin-Soo Park4, Joonyoung Ahn4, Taehyoung Lee3, Taehyun Park3, Saewung Kim5, Gwi-Nam Bae6, Soobog Park7 and Jongho Kim8, (1)Hanseo University, Institute of Environment Research, Seosan, South Korea, (2)Hanseo University, Environmental Engineering, Seosan, South Korea, (3)Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Environmental Science, Yongin, South Korea, (4)NIER National Institute of Environmental Research, Climate and Air Quality Research, Incheon, South Korea, (5)University of California Irvine, Department of Earth System Science, Irvine, United States, (6)Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Center for FRIEND Project, Seoul, South Korea, (7)Hanseo university, Flight Operation, Seosan, South Korea, (8)Hanseo University, Infra System, Seosan, South Korea
 
Isotopic Source Signatures of major Ammonia Sources and their Implications in Source Apportionment of NHx (1145805)
Noshan Bhattarai, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Shuxiao Wang, Tsinghua University, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing, China
 
Dust Events, Indoor Air Quality, and Community Perspectives on their Impacts in the Coachella Valley (1158646)
Ashley Trinidad, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States, William C Porter, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, United States and Ann Cheney, University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Riverside, United States
 
Can we detect the influence of surface anthropogenic pollution on regional tropospheric ozone variability? (1160447)
Miranda Miranda1, Irina V Petropavlovskikh2 and Peter Effertz2, (1)University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, SOARS, Boulder, United States, (2)Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, Boulder, CO, United States
 
A Lightweight Broadband Cavity-Enhanced Spectrometer for NO2 Measurement on Uncrewed Aerial Vehicles (1161835)
Caroline Womack, NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States, Steven S Brown, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States, Steven J Ciciora, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, United States, Ru-Shan Gao, NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States, Richard McLaughlin, CU/CIRES - NOAA/ESRL, Boulder, United States, Michael A Robinson, CIRES / NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, United States, Yinon Rudich, Weizmann Institute of Science, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rehovot, Israel and Rebecca A Washenfelder, NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
 
Multi-omics approaches for the analysis of VOCs in outdoor and indoor air pollution for better environmental assessment: a case study (1167121)
Saweza Hashmi1, Neha Sami2, J Jahangeer3 and Siraj Uddin Ahmed3, (1)Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India, (2)Jamia Millia Islamia, Department of Environmental Science, New Delhi, India, (3)JMI, A Central University, Department of Environmental Science, New Delhi, India
 
Measurements of formaldehyde in the Northern Colorado Front Range using open-path dual-comb spectroscopy (1169786)
Kevin Cossel1, Daniel Herman1, Griffin Mead2, Esther Baumann1, Fabrizio Giorgetta1, Nathan Malarich2, Brian Washburn1, Nathan Newbury1 and Ian Coddington1, (1)National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder Laboratories, Boulder, CO, United States, (2)National Institute of Standards and Technology Boulder Laboratories, Boulder, United States
 
Viability of Using a Photoionization Detector for Mobile Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Monitoring (1170200)
Jennifer Seth1, Da Pan2, Andrey Marsavin2 and Jeffrey Lee Collett Jr2, (1)Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States, (2)Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States
 
Estimating Air Quality Impacts of Western US Wildfires Using A Continental Scale Chemical Transport Model (1170580)
Vanessa Selimovic1, Damien Ketcherside2, Lixu Jin3, Keri Nauman4, Robert J Yokelson3 and Lu Hu3, (1)University of Montana, Chemistry, Missoula, United States, (2)Lewis-Clark State College, Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Lewiston, United States, (3)University of Montana, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Missoula, United States, (4)University of Montana, Chemistry, Missoula, MT, United States
 
Not Just Methane: An Assessment of Health-Damaging Non-Methane VOCs Concentrations in Upstream Natural Gas and Factors that Drive Their Composition in the United States (1171079)
Sebastian T Rowland1, Kelsey Bilsback1, Lee Ann L Hill1, Dominic C DiGiulio1,2, Jeremy K. Domen1, Jackson S.W. Goldman1, Jessie M Jager1, Arianna Libenson1, Chowdhury G Moniruzzaman1, Nordgaard L. Curtis1, Drew Michanowicz1, Seth B.C. Shonkoff1,3 and Eric D. Lebel1, (1)PSE Healthy Energy, Oakland, United States, (2)University of Colorado, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Boulder, United States, (3)University of California, Berkeley, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, Berkeley, United States
 
Intraurban NO2 hotspot detection via clustering of in-situ, remote, and modeled air quality data products (1172485)
Anastasia Montgomery1,2, Madeleine Daepp2, Marah Abdin2, Pallavi Choudry2, Sara Malvar2, Scott Counts2 and Daniel E Horton3, (1)Northwestern University, Earth and Planetary Sciences, Evanston, United States, (2)Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, United States, (3)Northwestern University, Earth & Planetary Science, Evanston, United States
 
Characterization of Hazardous Air Pollutants by in situ GC-TOF and PTR-MS: Results from the Hazardous Air Pollution and Monitoring Assessment Project (HAP-MAP) (Invited) (1182018)
Megan S Claflin1, Manjula R Canagaratna2, Harald Stark2, Jordan Krechmer2, Michael P Vermeuel3, Delaney B. Kilgour4, Timothy Bertram5, Peter F DeCarlo6, Tara Irene Yacovitch2 and Brian M Lerner2, (1)Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA, United States, (2)Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, United States, (3)University of Wisconsin Madison, Chemistry, Madison, United States, (4)University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Chemistry, Madison, United States, (5)University of Wisconsin Madison, Chemistry, Madison, WI, United States, (6)Johns Hopkins University, Environmental Health and Engineering, Baltimore, United States
 
Detection Ship Plumes and Determination of IMO Fuel-Type Legislation-Compliance from the Distance with Novel Ionization Methods in Single-Particle Mass Spectrometry (1186152)
Ralf Zimmermann1, Johannes Passig1, Julian Schade1, Sven Ehlert2, Robert Irsig2 and Thomas Adam3, (1)University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany, (2)Photonion GMBH, Schwerin, Germany, (3)Bundeswehr University Munich, Munich, Germany
 
The Tree Nut Mystery: Investigating the Use of Methyl Bromide during the Winter in Merced County (1190930)
Madeline Moore, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States and Donald Ray Blake, University of California Irvine, Irvine, United States
 
Estimating Ambient PM2.5 Concentrations for the Contiguous US Using Remote Sensing and Street View Imagery (1191232)
Meng Qi, Kuldeep Dixit and Steve Hankey, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, School of Public and International Affairs, Blacksburg, United States
 
Estimating Risks due to Exposure to Toxic VOCs in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) Air Basin Utilizing the Community Multi-scale Air Quality Model version 5.3.2 (CMAQv5.3.2) (1192137)
Abdullah Mahmud, Pingkuan Di and Jeremy Avise, California Environmental Protection Agency Air Resources Board, Sacramento, United States
 
Application Of The XGBoost Machine Learning Algorithm To Improve Air Quality Prediction Based On The WRF-Chem Model (1193700)
Chen Wang, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States, Carmichael Gregory, University of Iowa, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, Iowa City, IA, United States, Meng Gao, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong and Sarath K Guttikunda, Urban Emisssions Info, Porvorim, Goa, India
 
Vertical Distribution of Air Pollutants Monitoring by Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) at a Landfill site (1196026)
Hyeri Jo1, Young Su Lee2, Jae Young Kim2 and Keun Taek Kim2, (1)Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South), (2)Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
 
Land Use Regression Model for Predicting Nitrogen Dioxide in the Greater Philadelphia Area (1198560)
Bryan Terry, Villanova University, Geography and the Environment, Villanova, United States, Kabindra M Shakya, Villanova University, Geography and the environment, Villanova, United States and Peleg Kremer, Villanova University, Geography and the Environment, Villanova, PA, United States
 
Mobile Monitoring of Air Quality in Communities Adjacent to Oil Wells (1076264)
Pami Mukherjee1, Catalina Tsai1, Jack Porter1, Olga Pikelnaya2 and Andrea Polidori1, (1)South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, United States, (2)South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, United States
 
Air quality assessment in residential complex behind port area using CFD (1084447)
Seunghun Baek1, Junsuk Kang2 and Jaekyoung Kim1, (1)Seoul National University, Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural systems Engineering, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South), (2)Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South)
 
NO2 exposure reduction inside different vehicle cabins with activated carbon filters and their efficiency vs duration of use (1089797)
Vasilis Matthaios1, Daniel Rooney2, Roy M Harrison3, Petros Koutrakis4 and William Bloss3, (1)University of Birmingham, School of Geography Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom, (2)University of Birmingham, School of Geography Earth and Environmnetal Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom, (3)University of Birmingham, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Birmingham, United Kingdom, (4)Harvard University, School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA, United States
 
Influence of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Black Carbon and Carbon Monoxide Emissions in the New York City Metropolitan Area (1090559)
Liam Sheji, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States, Xinrong Ren, NOAA Science Center, College Park, MD, United States and Philip Stratton, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
 
The Chloride Problem of Delhi: Origin and Visibility Effects (1052883)
Vikram Singh, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Chemical Engineering, New Delhi, India, Mayank Kumar, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Mechanical Engineering, New Delhi, India, Chirag Manchanda, University of California Berkeley, Civil Engineering, Berkeley, United States and Umer Ali, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Chemical Engineering, New Delhi, India
 
Determining the Fossil Fraction of Carbon Monoxide Emissions on a Regional Scale using Radiocarbon (1055526)
Liam Blyth and Heather D Graven, Imperial College London, Physics, London, SW7, United Kingdom
 
Effectiveness of Common Nasopharyngeal Masks: An Experimental Assessment on Reduction of Respirable Atmospheric Aerosol in Kathmandu, Nepal (1042283)
Prasidha Raj Neupane, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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