Topographic Steering of the Mediterranean Outflow West of the Strait of Gibraltar
Ricardo F. Sanchez Leal, Spanish Institute of Oceanography-CSIC, Cadiz, Spain, María Jesús Bellanco Esteban, IEO, Cadiz, Spain, David Roque Atienza, ICMAN - CSIC, Spain, Andreas M Thurnherr, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States, Simone Sammartino, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain, Jose Carlos Sanchez-Garrido, Málaga University, Applied Physics II (Physical Oceanography Group), Málaga, Spain, Francisco Javier Hernández Molina, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, United Kingdom, Jesus Garcia Lafuente, ETSI Telecommunicacion, Malaga, Spain, Alvaro Peliz, IDL-Instituto Dom Luiz Faculty of Science Univ. Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal, Cesar González-Pola, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Physical Oceanography, Gijon, Spain, Luis Miguel Fernández Salas, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Cadiz, Spain, Manuel Ruiz Villarreal, IEO, A Coruña, Spain, Paulo Relvas, University of the Algarve, Faro, Portugal and Cristina Naranjo, University of Malaga
Abstract:
The narrow (14 km) and shallow (300 m) Strait of Gibraltar (SoG) forms the oceanic gateway between Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The mean exchange amounts to about 1 Sv in each direction (1 Sv = 10
6 m
3 s
-1) with the outflow of relatively cold (12.9 ºC) and highly saline (~38.45), dense (σ
θ = 29.07 kg m
-3) Mediterranean Water and the inflow of warmer (16.6 ºC – 22.6 ºC), less saline (36.5) Atlantic Water (AW) into the Mediterranean separated by an undulating interface at 100-200 m. A net 0.05 Sv flows into the Mediterranean.
The Mediterranean Outflow (MO) cascades as dense, bottom-trapped, gravity current. After wading through a complex bottom the descending flow describes a gentle clockwise incurvation due to the Earth’s rotation and attains a damped geostrophic balance. The production, buoyancy and strength of the MO and the salt drain into the North Atlantic (NA) interior is topographically controlled at tidal frequencies by eddy fluxes, internal wave breaking and interfacial, entrainment and bottom stresses particularly in a relatively small area west of Spartel.
We are beginning to understand the influence of the topography on the early MO dynamics and the control of steering- and mixing-driven MO plume splitting. High-resolution in situ observations are crucial to understand these small-scale, high-frequency physical processes and to fine tune numerical models. In this work we use a comprehensive, recent CTD and LADCP dataset to present a detailed characterization of the near-bottom mean spreading pattern of the MO in the Gulf of Cádiz, its variability, the transport pathways and velocity and mixing aspects in relation to the bottom topography.
