Peigen Lin¹, Robert S Pickart¹, Kerstin Jochumsen², Martin Moritz², Kent Moore³, Hedinn Valdimarsson⁴ and Tim Fristedt⁵, (1)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States, (2)Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Hamburg, Germany, (3)University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, (4)Marine Research Institute, Reykjavik, Iceland, (5)Swedish Defence Research Agency (FOI), Stockholm, Sweden