Emil Jeansson¹, Balamuralli Rajasakaren¹, Toste S Tanhua², Are Olsen^3,4 and William M Smethie Jr⁵, (1)NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, (2)Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, (3)University of Bergen, Geophysical Institute, Bergen, Norway, (4)Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, (5)Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States