Ying Zhang^1,2, Shijian Hu^3,4, Ming Feng^5,6, Yan DU^1,2, Helen Elizabeth Phillips^7,8, Nathaniel L. Bindoff^7,8, Michael J McPhaden⁹, Janet Sprintall^10,11, Fan Wang^3,4, Dunxin Hu^3,4, Qiang Xie^1,12 and Fei Chai¹³, (1)South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, Guangzhou, China, (2)University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, (3)Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Qingdao, China, (4)Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, China, (5)CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Crawley, WA, Australia, (6)Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research, Hobart, WA, Australia, (7)University of Tasmania, Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, Hobart, TAS, Australia, (8)ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Science, Hobart, TAS, Australia, (9)NOAA/PMEL, Seattle, WA, United States, (10)University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, (11)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, (12)Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China, (13)Second Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Hangzhou, China