Jie Huang¹, Robert S Pickart¹, Michael A Spall¹, Paul Glen Myers², Frank Bahr¹, Ben G Kopec³, Emil Jeansson⁴ and Jeffrey M Welker^5,6, (1)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, United States, (2)University of Alberta, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Edmonton, AB, Canada, (3)Michigan Technological University, Great Lakes Research Center, Houghton, United States, (4)NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, Bergen, Norway, (5)University of Alaska Anchorage, Department of Biological Sciences, Anchorage, United States, (6)University of Oulu & UArctic, Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Oulu, Finland