Brenden Rensink, the author of Native but Foreign: Indigenous Immigrants and Refugees in the North American Borderlands, who chairs the session, will also introduce the field of U.S.-Canada borderlands history, situating it in relation to the field of U.S.-Mexico borderlands history. Benjamin Hoy, the author of A Line of Blood and Dirt: Creating the Canada-United States Border across Indigenous Lands, will speak to ways that, despite the great efforts made by both Canada and the U.S. to each clearly delineate the bounds of its own jurisdictional authority, both nations regularly breached those boundaries in ways that continue to have ramifications today. Patrick Lozar, dean of the Native American Studies Division at Salish Kootenai College, located on the traditional territories of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Indian Reservation in Montana, will address the growing contributions of Indigenous scholars to the field and reflect on Indigenous nationhood as it extends across and beyond the U.S,-Canada border. Lissa Wadewitz, the author of The Nature of Borders: Salmon, Boundaries, and Bandits in the Salish Sea, will discuss the importance of watery borderlands, especially the Salish Sea, which connects western Washington state to British Columbia and facilitates the movement of both people and diverse aquatic resources across the forty-ninth parallel. Andrea Geiger, the author of Converging Empires: Citizens and Subjects in the North Pacific Borderlands, 1867-1945, will address ways in which Japanese immigrants and Indigenous people negotiated the intersecting web of exclusionary law and policy that emerged along the Canada-U.S. border, including its northernmost stretches. Ryan Hall, the author of Beneath the Backbone of the World: Blackfoot People and the North American Borderlands, 1720-1877, will reflect on the broader contributions of the field to our understanding of borderlands history, Indigenous history, and the history of state formation in the United States and Canada. He will also identify the key questions and challenges facing historians of the Canada-U.S. borderlands before opening the session to discussion with the audience. We anticipate that this session will appeal to a broad audience including borderlands historians generally and those who focus on the southwestern borders of the United States, as well as scholars of Indigenous, Canadian, Asian American and Asian Canadian, legal, and diplomatic history.