Distinguishing Between TiO2 Aggregates and Agglomerates by High Pressure Dispersion

The potential of high pressure dispersion (HPD) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) is explored [1] for rapid and quantitative estimation of the extent of particle aggregation and agglomeration by analyzing the entire particle size distribution [2]. Commercially available and tailor-made TiO₂ particles by flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Volume distributions of these particles were obtained by DLS of their electrostatically stabilized (with Na₄P₂O₇) aqueous suspensions. Dispersing these suspensions through a nozzle at 200 to 1400 bar reduced the size of agglomerates (particles bonded by weak physical forces) resulting in bimodal size distributions composed of their constituent primary particles and aggregates (particles bonded by strong chemical or sinter forces). Sintering FSP-made titania particles from 200 to 800 °C for four hours progressively increased the minimum primary particle size (by grain growth) and aggregate size (by neck growth and phase transformation).

[1] Wengeler, R., A. Teleki, M. Vetter, S.E. Pratsinis, and H. Nirschl, “High pressure liquid dispersion and fragmentation of flame-made silica agglomerates,” Langmuir 22, 4928-4935 (2006).

[2] Teleki, A., R. Wengeler, L. Wengeler, H. Nirschl, and S.E. Pratsinis, “Distinguishing between aggregates and agglomerates of flame-made TiO₂ by high pressure dispersion,” Powder Technol. 181, 292-300 (2008).