Massive Deep-Cycle Pb-Acid Batteries for Energy Storage Applications

Lead-acid, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion are three types of battery chemistries for potential clean energy storage applications. Lead-acid batteries have been widely used as secondary battery for many years. Its system advantages are higher voltage, high-rate response capability, good specific energy, high reliability robustness, low-cost in both manufacturing and recycling as the battery is manufactured mainly from a single low-cost raw material. In recent years, there are several types of revolutionary lead-acid batteries being developed in order to improve its deep cycle performance and fast charge/discharge capability. The battery chemistry is still a good resource for fast storage of sustainable energy into chemical energy for cost consideration because the nickel-metal hydride and lithium-ion chemistries have relative higher cost both in battery design and raw materials. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is a powerful tool to analyze the interfacial process, variation in the internal resistance, state-of-charge, and the residual capacity of a lead-acid battery. The impedance technique is applied to dynamic modeling of the deep-cycle lead-acid battery behavior in this work. The battery physical elements and equivalent circuit model can be further applied to PSpice simulation for the power system of sustainable electricity.