Abstract

 

The results from hard-particle, discrete element simulations of a two-dimensional dilute stream of particles decelerating around an immersed fixed cylinder are presented. Simulation measurements of the drag force, F_d , are expressed in terms of a dimensionless drag coefficient, , where r is the particle density,   is the upstream solid fraction,  U is the upstream instantaneous velocity,  and D and d are the cylinder and particle diameters, respectively.  The drag results and flow patterns for decelerating flows are compared with corresponding steady flows and accelerating flows.