Tropical-subtropical climate changes across orbital–to–subdecadal timescales during the Pleistocene and Holocene are manifested as pronounced reorganizations of rainfall patterns, alongside dramatic temperature swings in the higher latitudes. Anthropogenic forcing is now superimposed on these natural modes of variability, raising urgent questions about how large-scale climate phenomena such as ENSO, the Indian Ocean Dipole, and monsoon systems may reorganize under ongoing global warming. Despite the growing availability of tropical-subtropical paleoclimate records and model simulations, the physical mechanisms driving these changes remain unclear. We invite contributions exploring hydrological and monsoonal changes on annual-to-glacial timescales over the Pleistocene and Holocene using data from natural archives, new proxies, and climate simulations to reconstruct hydroclimate changes from local to regional scales in the tropics and their global linkages. We particularly welcome proxy-model syntheses exploring physical mechanisms.

• GC - Global Environmental Change