Advanced information systems, autonomous technologies, and cutting‑edge computing innovations can enhance future Earth observing capabilities and deliver robust information directly to decision makers with increased agility and accuracy. As the global community faces scientific and societal challenges of increasing complexity and scale, technological advancements in new observing strategies and Earth system digital twins (ESDT) can translate directly into more powerful and actionable science. These disruptive and emerging technologies provide opportunities to integrate heterogeneous data into a closed loop feedback process to better understand Earth systems and respond to dynamic environmental challenges, including wildfires, floods, or droughts. In this session, we aim to advance the conversation surrounding intelligent, integrated capabilities that will define the next generation of Earth observations. We welcome submissions from industry, government, and academia that highlight adaptive sensing and ESDT technologies, including those incorporating AI, advanced modeling, interoperability and standards to enable enhanced Earth discovery.