PS010
Turbulent mixing of the ocean surface boundary layer: Observation, Simulation, and Parameterization

Session ID#: 85887

Session Description:
The turbulent ocean surface boundary layer (OSBL) communicates heat, mass, and momentum between the atmosphere and ocean interior, hosts the majority of oceanic primary productivity, and plays a key role in the evolution of the earth system over seasonal to centennial time scales. Representing variability in OSBL turbulent mixing is an abiding challenge in the modeling of earth systems due to the complexity of turbulent OSBL processes and their interaction with atmospheric turbulence, ocean interior mixing, surface waves, submesoscale processes, and sea ice.

This session invites contributions from both observational, numerical, and theoretical process studies as well as parameterization development work relating to OSBL turbulent mixing. We are interested in all processes that might affect OSBL turbulent mixing and the evolution of the OSBL, including wind-driven mixing, convection, and wave-driven turbulence --- as well as frontal instabilities and submesoscale baroclinic processes emerging from the breakdown of larger-scale currents.

Index Terms:

1622 Earth system modeling [GLOBAL CHANGE]
4504 Air/sea interactions [OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL]
4528 Fronts and jets [OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL]
4568 Turbulence, diffusion, and mixing processes [OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL]
4572 Upper ocean and mixed layer processes [OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL]

Primary Chair:  Ivan B. Savelyev, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
Co-chairs:  Gregory LeClaire Wagner, MIT, Cambridge, United States, Leah Johnson, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States and Qing Li, Brown University, Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Providence, RI, United States; Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
Primary Liaison:  Ivan B. Savelyev, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
 
Turbulence Reduction and the Langmuir Circulation (636220)
Yalin Fan, Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, MS, United States, Zhitao Yu, US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States, Ivan Savelyev, U. S. Naval Research Laboratory, Remote Sensing Division, Washington, DC, United States, Peter P Sullivan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Mesoscale Microscale Meteorology, Boulder, CO, United States, Junhong Liang, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States, Tracy Haack, Naval Research Laboratory, Marine Meteorology Division, Monterey, CA, United States, Eric Terrill, University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, Tony de Paolo, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States and Robert Kipp Shearman, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States
 
Observations of high-frequency internal wave near submesoscale fronts (636263)
Mingming Shao1, Brian K Haus1, Bjoern Lund2, Ruben Carrasco3, Jochen Horstmann3, Jody M Klymak4, Darek Bogucki5 and Tamay Özgökmen2, (1)University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States, (2)University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Miami, FL, United States, (3)Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany, (4)University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada, (5)Texas A & M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
 
Mixed Layer Deepening due to Wind-Induced Shear-Driven Turbulence and Scaling of the Deepening Rate in the Stratified Ocean (639114)
Yusuke Ushijima, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan and Yutaka Yoshikawa, Kyoto University Rigakubu, Kyoto, Japan
 
A New Langmuir Turbulence Parameterization for Ocean Models Developed Under Realistic Forcing Conditions. (639392)
Miguel Solano, NRC Research Associateship Program, Stennis Space Center, MS, United States, Yalin Fan, US Naval Research Laboratory, Stennis Space Center, LA, United States and Paul Martin, Naval Research Lab Stennis Space Center, Stennis Space Center, MS, United States
 
Eddy-Diffusivity Mass-Flux Parameterization: A new Approach to unify Diffusion and Convection in Ocean Models (639546)
Herve Giordani, CNRM-GAME, Toulouse Cedex 01, France, Romain Bourdalle-Badie, Mercator-Ocean, Ramonville, France and Gurvan Madec, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
 
Vertical turbulent cooling of the mixed layer in the Atlantic ITCZ and trade wind regions (639739)
Gregory R Foltz1, Rebecca Marie Hummels2, Marcus Dengler2, Renellys C Perez3 and Moacyr Araujo4, (1)Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL, United States, (2)GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany, (3)UM/CIMAS, Miami, FL, United States, (4)DOCEAN, Department of Oceanography, UFPE, Recife, Brazil
 
Simulation of Inertial Currents and Enhanced Mixing in Ocean Fronts (641101)
Eric D Skyllingstad and Roger M Samelson, Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR, United States
 
Anisotropic Turbulence and Subsurface Heat Fluxes in the Diurnal Warm Layer (641166)
Kenneth Hughes, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, Jim Moum, Oregon State University, College of Earth Ocean & Atmospheric Sciences, Corvalis, OR, United States and Emily L Shroyer, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States
 
On the variability of Arabian Sea mixing and its energetics (641695)
Shikha Singh1, Vinu Valsala2, A.G. Prajeesh2 and Sridhar Balasubramanian3, (1)Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Development of Skilled Manpower in Earth System Sciences, Pune, India, (2)Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India, (3)Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Mechanical Engineering, IDP in Climate Studies, Mumbai, India
 
Modelling the Depth of the Ocean Surface Boundary in the OSMOSIS Scheme. (642805)
Alan L Grant, University of Reading, Reading, RG6, United Kingdom, Stephen Belcher, Met Office, United Kingdom and A. J. George Nurser, National Oceanography Center, Soton, Southampton, United Kingdom
 
On the Physical Mechanisms of the Two-Way Coupling between a Surface Wave Field and a Circulation Consisting of a Roll and Streak (642836)
Nobuhiro Suzuki, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Geesthacht, Germany and Yasushi Fujiwara, Kyoto University, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto, Japan
 
Langmuir Turbulence and Cold Filaments: Do they Couple? (643339)
Peter P Sullivan, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Mesoscale Microscale Meteorology, Boulder, CO, United States, James C McWilliams, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Baylor Fox-Kemper, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
 
Observations of coherent structures in the mixed layer (643894)
Ewa Jarosz, Hemantha W Wijesekera and David W Wang, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences, Stennis Space Center, MS, United States
 
Equilibration of Symmetric Instability and Inertial Oscillations at a Finite-Width Submesoscale Front (644174)
Aaron Wienkers, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Leif N Thomas, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States and John Ryan Taylor, University of Cambridge, DAMTP, Cambridge, United Kingdom
 
Early Spring Destratification and Restratification of a Midlatitude Density Front’s Surface Layer (644296)
Eric L Kunze, NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, United States, John Mickett, University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States, James B Girton, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States and J. Thomas Farrar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States
 
Parametrisation of the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer: The OSMOSIS scheme (645547)
Stephen Belcher, Met Office, United Kingdom, Alan L Grant, University of Reading, Reading, RG6, United Kingdom, A. J. George Nurser, National Oceanography Center, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Natasha Sarah Lucas, Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences, Menai Bridge, United Kingdom, Tom Philip Rippeth, Bangor University, School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor, Wales, United Kingdom, Brodie Pearson, Brown University, Geological Sciences, United States, Jeff Polton, National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Matthew D Palmer, UK National Oceanography Centr, Liverpool, United Kingdom, Gillian Mary Damerell, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom, Karen J. Heywood, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4, United Kingdom, Christian E. Buckingham, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Département de Physique, Brest, France and Alberto Naveira Garabato, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14, United Kingdom
 
Frontal Instability and Energy Dissipation in a Submesoscale Upwelling Filament (645572)
Jen-Ping Peng, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Physical Oceanography, Rostock, Germany, Peter Ludwig Holtermann, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Rostock, Germany and Lars Umlauf, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Warnemuende, Germany
 
Submesoscale Processes and Mixing in a Semi-Enclosed Basin: The Case of the Baltic Sea (645611)
Evridiki Chrysagi, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Physical Oceanography, Warnemuende, Germany, Peter Ludwig Holtermann, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Rostock, Germany, Lars Umlauf, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Warnemuende, Germany and Hans Burchard, Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW), Department for Physical Oceanography and Instrumentation, Rostock, Germany
 
Diffusion of surface gravity waves by submesoscale turbulence at the sea surface (645999)
William R Young, University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States and Ana Beatriz Villas Boas, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
 
Evaluating Monin-Obukhov Scaling for the Turbulent Ocean Surface Layer (646683)
Zhihua Zheng, Ramsey R Harcourt and Eric A D'Asaro, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Submesoscale velocity gradients observed by Saildrones (647126)
Cesar B Rocha, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States, J. Thomas Farrar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States, Andrey Shcherbina, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Kenmore, WA, United States, Eric A. D'Asaro, University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States and H. Hawkeye King, Saildrone Inc., Alameda, United States
 
Overlapping boundary layers in coastal oceans (647477)
Chao Yan, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, James C McWilliams, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Marcelo Chamecki, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
 
Turbulence measurements from the SPURS-2 mooring (647637)
Seth Zippel, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States, J. Thomas Farrar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States and Carol Anne Clayson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States
 
Global Geography of Submesoscale Density Fronts (647867)
Caitlin B Whalen, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Kyla Drushka, University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States and Peter Gaube, Applied Physics Laboratory at the University of Washington, Air-Sea Interaction and Remote Sensing, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Direct Observations of Submesoscale Modulation of Ocean Surface Boundary Layer Turbulence (648037)
Andrey Y. Shcherbina, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States and Eric A. D'Asaro, University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Numerical simulations of the turbulent flow over an ocean wavefield (648273)
Devin Conroy, Leidos, San Diego, CA, United States, James W Rottman, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States and Laura Brandt, Leidos, San Diego, United States
 
Observations of submesoscale turbulence using geostationary satellite images (648884)
Jun Choi, KIOST Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Busan, South Korea, Young-Gyu Park, KIOST Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Ocean Circulation and Climate Research Center, Busan, South Korea and Wonkook Kim, (Currently) Pusan National University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Busan, South Korea
 
Measurements of Concurrent Turbulent Mixing and Velocity Shear in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer with Gliders (649084)
Jan-Torben Witte1, Matthew R Palmer2, Matthew Toberman3, Juliane Wihsgott2, Alberto Naveira Garabato4 and Ben I Moat5, (1)University of Southampton, Ocean and Earth Science, Southampton, United Kingdom, (2)National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom, (3)Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom, (4)University of Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom, (5)National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom
 
Ocean surface boundary layer response to abruptly changing wind direction (649217)
Xingchi WANG and Tobias Kukulka, University of Delaware, School of Marine Science and Policy, Newark, DE, United States
 
Wind limits on rain layers and diurnal warm layers (649291)
Elizabeth Jennifer Thompson, NOAA ESRL, Physical Sciences Division, Boulder, CO, United States, Jim Moum, Oregon State Univ, Corvallis, OR, United States, Chris W Fairall, NOAA Boulder, Boulder, CO, United States and Steven A Rutledge, Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, CO, United States
 
Detailed Observations of Centimetre-Scale Structures and Entrainment in the Transition Layer (649525)
Alexis Kaminski1, Eric A D'Asaro2, Andrey Y. Shcherbina3 and Ramsey R Harcourt1, (1)Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, (2)Applied Physics Lab, Univ of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, (3)Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Diffusion of Pollutants in Wind-Induced Oceanic Surface Turbulence (649560)
BongGwan Kim1, Yang-Ki Cho1 and Yign Noh2, (1)Seoul National University, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul, South Korea, (2)Yonsei University, Atmospheric Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
 
On the spatial and temporal discretization of vertical diffusion in the turbulent planetary boundary layer (649976)
Florian Lemarié, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inria, Grenoble, France
 
Turbulent Diurnal Jets as Observed by an Ocean Microstructure Glider. (651167)
Matthew Toberman1, Mark Inall1 and Matthew R Palmer2, (1)Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom, (2)National Oceanography Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom
 
Constraining the Surface Boundary-Layer Stratification Budget in the Eastern North Pacific Subtropical Front (651190)
John Mickett, University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States, Eric L Kunze, NorthWest Research Associates, Redmond, WA, United States, James B Girton, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States and J. Thomas Farrar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States
 
Fast ice controls on turbulent mixing rates on the West Antarctic Peninsula shelf (651380)
J. Alexander Brearley, NERC British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom and Mark Inall, Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, United Kingdom
 
The impact of a parameterisation of submesoscale mixed layer eddies on mixed layer depths in the NEMO ocean model (651437)
Mike Bell, Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom, Daley Calvert, Met Office Hadley Centre, Exeter, United Kingdom, A. J. George Nurser, National Oceanography Center, Liverpool, United Kingdom and Baylor Fox-Kemper, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
 
The OSMOSIS Parametrisation of the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer (OSBL) in Global Runs of the NEMO Ocean Circulation Model (651486)
A. J. George Nurser1, Alan L Grant2, Stephen E Belcher3, Mike Bell4, Adam Tobias Blaker1, Alex Megann5 and Catherine Guivarch6, (1)National Oceanography Centre, Southampton, United Kingdom, (2)University of Reading, Reading, RG6, United Kingdom, (3)Univ Reading, Reading, United Kingdom, (4)Met Office, Exeter, United Kingdom, (5)National Oceanography Center, Liverpool, United Kingdom, (6)Met Office, United Kingdom
 
Towards super-parameterization of ocean surface boundary layer turbulent mixing in MPAS-Ocean (651641)
Qing Li and Luke Van Roekel, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
 
Impacts of centrifugal/inertial/symmetric instabilities on ocean fronts (652201)
Nicolas Grisouard and Varvara Zemskova, University of Toronto, Physics, Toronto, ON, Canada
 
Interpreting Parcel Stability from a Vector Field Topology Perspective (652291)
Yisen Zhong, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Oceanography, Shanghai, China
 
Quantifying the Uncertainty of Upper Ocean Turbulence Parameterizations (652698)
Andre Souza, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States, Gregory LeClaire Wagner, MIT, Cambridge, United States and Raffaele M Ferrari, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
 
Turbulence and Convection in Ocean and Atmospheric Models:The Unified Eddy-Diffusivity/Mass-Flux (EDMF) Approach (Invited) (653285)
Joao Teixeira, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
 
Nonlocal Fluxes in Second Moment Closures of Langmuir Turbulence and Convection (653895)
Ramsey R Harcourt, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Eric A. D'Asaro, University of Washington, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States, Andrey Y. Shcherbina, Applied Physics Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States and Zhihua Zheng, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Vertical velocity asymmetries in high resolution simulations of the surface Ekman layer (654235)
Kevin Duquette, Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Oceanography, Rimouski, QC, Canada, Louis-Philippe Nadeau, University of Quebec at Rimouski UQAR, Rimouski, QC, Canada, Pascal Bourgault, McGill University, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Montreal, QC, Canada, David Straub, McGill University, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Montréal, QC, Canada and Bruno Tremblay, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
 
Multi-vehicle coordinated measurements of meteorology, surface waves, and upper ocean turbulence in the Icelandic Basin (654288)
Sophia Merrifield1, Louis C St. Laurent2, Justin Shapiro3, Harper L Simmons4 and Eric Terrill1, (1)University of California San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, (2)Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Seattle, United States, (3)Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, (4)University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States
 
Scaling turbulence in the ocean boundary layer of the Southeast Pacific Ocean stratus region (654349)
Una Miller, Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States; Columbia University of New York, Earth and Environmental Sciences, New York, NY, United States, Christopher J Zappa, Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States, J. Thomas Farrar, Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, Department of Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States, Deborah A Le Bel, Lamont -Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, NY, United States and Robert A Weller, WHOI, Monument Beach, MA, United States
 
The impact of climate change on submesoscale instabilities in the surface ocean (654755)
Kate Feloy, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Oceanography, Honolulu, United States, Daniel B Whitt, NCAR, CO, United States, Genevieve Jay Brett, University of Hawaii at Manoa, International Pacific Research Center, Honolulu, HI, United States and Kelvin John Richards, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States
 
Mapping upper ocean horizontal velocity shear from drifting buoys and floats (654967)
Rick Lumpkin, NOAA Miami, Miami, FL, United States
 
Vertical mixing parameterization for the ocean surface boundary layer based on assumed distribution higher order closure (656910)
Amrapalli Garanaik, Rachel Robey, Luke Van Roekel and Qing Li, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States
 
Uncertainty quantification and optimization of an eddy diffusivity, mass flux model for turbulent vertical mixing in the ocean surface boundary layer (657217)
Gregory LeClaire Wagner, MIT, Cambridge, United States, Andre Souza, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, The Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Cambridge, MA, United States and Raffaele M Ferrari, MIT, Cambridge, MA, United States
 
A Reynolds-averaged methodology resolving Langmuir cells in the coastal ocean (657285)
Andres Tejada-Martinez, University of South Florida, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tampa, FL, United States, Anthony Perez, University of South Florida Tampa, Mechanical Engineering, Tampa, FL, United States, Seyedmohammadjavad Zeidi, University of South Florida, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Tampa, United States, Cigdem Akan, University of North Florida, Civil Engineering, Jacksonville, FL, United States, Juan Penaloza Gutierrez, University of South Florida, Mechanical Engineering, Tampa, United States and Michel Boufadel, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Newark, NJ, United States
 
Parameterization of gas transfer velocity at a gas-liquid interface in the presence of counter-rotating roller vortices, such as Langmuir Circulation. (657433)
Katherine Adler and Edwin A. Cowen, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
 
Science impacts of ocean surface boundary layer property errors and the potential of remotely-sensed ocean profile observations (657955)
Daria J Halkides1, Dimitris Menemenlis2, Hsun-Ying Kao1, Hong Zhang2, Christopher N Hill3 and Duane Edward Waliser4, (1)Earth and Space Research, Seattle, WA, United States, (2)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, United States, (3)MIT, MA, (4)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States
 
Barrier Layer in the Indian Ocean during Central Pacific and Eastern Pacific El Niños: Observations and Mechanism (657990)
Lili Zeng, SCSIO South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, Xiaolin Zhang, University of Colorado, Boulder, United States and Xuemeng Tian, Ocean University of China, China
 
A general turbulence velocity scale for transport of buoyant materials in the oceanic mixed layer (658084)
Tomas Chor, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Marcelo Chamecki, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States
 
Turbulence, mixing, and nutrient fluxes in kelp farms (658101)
Marcelo Chamecki1, Yan Chao2 and James C. McWilliams1, (1)University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, (2)University of California Los Angeles, United States
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