AI007
Tropical Cyclone-Ocean Interactions: From Weather to Climate

Session ID#: 252858

Session Description:
Tropical Cyclone (TC)-ocean interactions are critical for TC intensity change because the ocean is the energy source for TCs. Air-sea interaction processes involve energy and momentum exchange between TCs and the ocean and are important on both TC (i.e., short-term) and climate (i.e., long-term) timescales. On shorter timescales, TC-ocean interactions are important for intensity forecasting. The intense winds of TCs significantly impact sea surface temperature (SST) through entrainment mixing and upwelling. The sea state, including waves and spray, also depends on wind speed and affects air-sea enthalpy and momentum exchange. There are many open questions regarding the impact of TCs on ocean biogeochemistry and biological productivity. On longer climate timescales, how the future ocean will evolve has strong implications for TC activity projections, with important societal implications. Meanwhile, natural inter-annual (e.g., ENSO) and inter-decadal (e.g., the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation) variability and global warming also affect the ocean, TCs, and their interactions. This session welcomes submissions under the broad subject of TC-ocean physical and biogeochemical interactions from weather to climate timescales. It intends to provide a friendly platform for interactions among oceanographers, atmospheric scientists, and climatologists in this multi-disciplinary field.
Co-Sponsor(s):
  • Air-Sea Interactions -
  • Climate and Ocean Change -
  • Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry -
Index Terms:

3305 Climate change and variability [ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES]
3372 Tropical cyclones [ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES]
4313 Extreme events [NATURAL HAZARDS]
4504 Air/sea interactions [OCEANOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL]
Primary Chair:  I-I Lin, National Taiwan University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
Co-chairs:  Chunzai Wang, State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, SCSIO, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China and Iam-Fei Pun, National Central University, Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, Taoyuan, Taiwan
 
Category ‘6’ Tropical Cyclone Hot Spots in the Warming Climate (1851885)
I-I Lin1, Chun-Chieh Wu1, Yuqing Wang2, Chun-Chi Lien1 and Yating Chang1, (1)National Taiwan University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan, (2)Univ Hawaii, International Pacific Research Center and Department of Meteorology, Honolulu, HI, United States
 
Biogeochemical Impacts of Tropical Cyclones in the Eastern Tropical North Pacific from BGC-Argo Floats (1858475)
Ashley Schefler, MIT-WHOI Joint Program in Oceanography, Physical Oceanography, Cambridge and Woods Hole, United States, David P Nicholson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole, MA, United States and Dr. Susan Anne Wijffels, PhD, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
 
Southward shift of western Pacific tropical cyclones contribute to El Niño decay (1861317)
Tao Lian, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, China, Jie Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Hangzhou, China, Chunzai Wang, State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, SCSIO, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China and Dake Chen, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Hangzhou, China
 
Tropical Cyclone Ocean-coupled Potential Intensity Model (TOPIM) – Modelling Hurricane Intensity for the Caribbean Region (2008850)
Samantha Hallam1, Jake Hallam1, Randy Aird2, Donovan Campbell2, Gerard D McCarthy3 and Mark Guishard4, (1)National University of Ireland Maynooth, Irish Climate Analysis Research Unit (ICARUS), Maynooth, Ireland, (2)University of the West Indies, Kingston, Jamaica, (3)Maynooth University, Irish Climate Analysis Research Unit (ICARUS), Maynooth, Ireland, (4)Arizona State University (ASU)-Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), St George's, Bermuda
 
Unprecedented in-situ Observations for the Upper Ocean Response to Typhoons in the Kuroshio off Eastern Taiwan (2009494)
Wei-Jou Huang, Sen Jan and Ming-Huei Chang, IONTU Institute of Oceanography National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
 
Oceanic Memory of Tropical Cyclones Moderates the Kuroshio Current (2012308)
Deyuan Zhang1, Zhanhong Ma1, Lijing Cheng2, Yanluan Lin3, Fanghua Xu4, Zhengguang Zhang5, Yunxia Zheng6, Jianfang Fei1 and Michael E Mann7, (1)College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, (2)Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China, (3)Tsinghua University, Department of Earth System Science, Beijing, China, (4)Center for Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, (5)Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Academy of the Future Ocean, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China, (6)Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration, Shanghai, China, (7)Penn State University, University Park, United States
 
Tropical-Cyclone Ocean Interaction in the Central-Eastern North Pacific: Impact of Global Warming (2012743)
Hsiao-Ching Huang, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, TAIWAN and I-I Lin, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
 
Anomalous Leftward-Biased Cold Wakes Induced by Tropical Cyclones in the North Hemisphere (2013490)
Hexin Ye1, Zhanhong Ma1, Jianfang Fei1 and Yihong Duan2, (1)College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China, (2)ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee, Macau, China
 
Contrastive Learning for 24–72 h Tropical Cyclogenesis Prediction in the WNP with Explainable AI (2014911)
Dr. Chong Wang, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China and Xiaofeng Li, Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
 
Crucial Role of Subsurface Ocean Variability in Tropical Cyclone Genesis (2016366)
Lei Zhou, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Oceanography, Shanghai, China, Cong Gao, Princeton University, Princeton, United States, I-I Lin, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Chunzai Wang, State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, SCSIO, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, Shoude Guan, Ocean University of China, Frontier Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System (FDOMES) and Physical Oceanography Laboratory, Qingdao, China, Fei-Fei Jin, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Honolulu, HI, United States and Raghu Murtugudde, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Centre for Climate Studies, Mumbai, India
 
The e-folding Recovery Time of Cold Wakes Induced by Tropical Cyclones (2016619)
Zhanhong Ma, College of Meteorology and Oceanography, PLA University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, CHINA and Ju Wang, College of Meteorology and Oceanography, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
 
Case Study of Tropical Cyclone Freddy (2023): Satellite-Derived Vertical Tilt and Its Dynamical Linkage to Vertical Wind Shear during Rapid Intensification and Subsequent Evolution (2016895)
Dr. Shanshan Mu, PhD and Xiaofeng Li, Institute of Oceanography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
 
Effect of shallow water depth on sea surface temperature cooling induced by landfalling typhoons (2017256)
Wenpu Ho and Iam-Fei Pun, National Central University, Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, Taoyuan, Taiwan
 
Recent Reduction in the Frequency and Intensity of Rapid Intensification of the Tropical Cyclones over the West Coast of the Bay of Bengal during October-December. (2017276)
Anupama Sahoo, INCOIS Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India and Girishkumar M S, Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services, Hyderabad, India
 
Last Decade’s (2014-23) Unprecidented Spatio-temporal variability in Cyclone’s Accumulated Energy, Power Dissipation Index and Track Density in the Northern Indian Ocean (2017279)
Ghulam Zahid, INCOIS, Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India and R Harikumar Dr, Indian National Center for Ocean Information Services, Ocean Operational Services, Hyderabad, India
 
Observing the upper ocean physical and biological response to tropical cyclones using Argo and satellite data (2017829)
Chao Han, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, Melissa Bowen, University of Auckland, School of Environment, Auckland, New Zealand, Philip Sutton, National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand and Alice Della Penna, Institute of Marine Sciences and School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
 
Oceanic Control on the Long‐Term Intensification of Extreme Tropical Cyclone‐Induced Sea Surface Cooling (2017886)
Han Zhang1, Haoyu Zhang2, Yu Liu3, Kai Yu4 and Dake Chen1, (1)Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Hangzhou, China, (2)Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Oceanography, Shanghai, China, (3)Zhejiang Ocean University, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhoushan, China, (4)Hohai University, College of Oceanography, Nanjing, China
 
Oceanic Modulation by the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation and Its Impact on Tropical Cyclones in the Western North Pacific simulated by NICOCO (2019480)
Masuo Nakano1,2, Hiroaki Tatebe3, Tatsuo Suzuki3, Ryusuke Masunaga1 and Daisuke Takasuka4, (1)JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan, (2)Yokohama National University, TRC, Yokohama, Japan, (3)JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan, (4)Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
 
Marine heatwaves and tropical cyclone intensification in the Bay of Bengal: a case study using ocean-atmosphere coupled simulations of cyclone Amphan (2019810)
Amit Kumar Jena, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Department of Civil Engineering (Ocean Engineering), Mumbai, India, Manasa Ranjan Behera, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai India, Department of Civil Engineering (Ocean Engineering) & Center for Climate Studies, Mumbai, India and Srineash Vk, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai India, Department of Civil Engineering (Ocean Engineering), Mumbai, India
 
Air-sea exchanges in tropical cyclone simulations: exploring how to account for the impact of waves on the roughness length parameterization (2020105)
Lisa Maillard, University of Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, Laboratoire d’Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), IUEM, Plouzané, France, Plouzané, France and Swen Jullien, Laboratory for Ocean Physics and Satellite remote sensing, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, IUEM, Plouzané, France
 
Quantifying the global contribution of Tropical Cyclones to extreme waves reaching coastlines (2021617)
Swen Jullien, Laboratory for Ocean Physics and Satellite remote sensing, Univ. Brest, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD, IUEM, Plouzané, France, Nils Herry, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 250 ENTROPIE (IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Noumea, New Caledonia, Christophe Menkes, Institute of Research for Development, Brest, France; Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR 250 ENTROPIE (IRD, CNRS, Ifremer, Université de la Réunion, Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie), BP A5, 98848, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Jerome Aucan, The Pacific Community, Nouméa, New Caledonia, Elodie Kestenare, LEGOS, Toulouse, France and Matthieu Lengaigne, MARBEC, University of Montpellier, CNRS, IFREMER, IRD, Sète, France
 
Suppression of Marine Heatwave Activity by Tropical Cyclones (2022747)
Iam-Fei Pun, National Central University, Graduate Institute of Hydrological and Oceanic Sciences, Taoyuan, Taiwan, I-I Lin, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan and Chun-Chieh Wu, National Taiwan University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
 
What Can Hurricane Sam (2021) Tell Us About Extreme Ocean Waves Under Tropical Cyclones? (2023215)
Ludivine Oruba, Sorbonne Université - LATMOS, Paris, France, Xiaolu Zhao, School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China, Nanjing, China, Danièle Hauser, CNRS - Laboratoire Atmosphères, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS), Guyancourt, France, Biao Zhang, School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China and Emmanuel Dormy, Département de Mathématiques et Applications, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, PSL University, Paris, France
 
Modulation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity by Current-Wind Interaction (2023331)
Ajin Cho1, Hajoon Song1, Il-Ju Moon2, Hyodae Seo3, Rui Sun4, Matthew R Mazloff4, Aneesh Subramanian5 and Arthur J Miller4, (1)Yonsei University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seoul, South Korea, (2)Jeju National University, Typhoon Research Center, Jeju, South Korea, (3)University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, United States, (4)Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, (5)University of Colorado at Boulder, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, United States
 
Changes of Upper Ocean Thermal Structure within Mesoscale Eddies after Tropical Cyclone Passage (2023515)
Fanghua Xu, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China and Hong Li, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
 
Tropical cyclone dynamics from satellite high-resolution ocean surface wind speed estimates (2026559)
Arthur Avenas, European Space Agency, Frascati, Italy, Alexis Mouche, IFREMER, Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Plouzané, France, Bertrand Chapron, IFREMER, Univ. Brest, CNRS, IRD, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale, Brest, France, John A Knaff, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, Fort Collins, United States, Taiga Tsukada, NOAA, NESDIS RAMMB, Fort Collins, United States, Pierre Tandeo, IMT Atlantique, Brest, France, Léo Vinour, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, Clément Combot, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan and Paul Platzer, IMT Atlantique, Lab-STICC, Plouzané, France
 
Strengthening oceanographic monitoring capabilities in the Eastern Tropical Pacific and Caribbean using autonomous underwater gliders (2030727)
Enric Pallas Sanz1, Miguel Costa Tenreiro2, Gabriela Eugenia Athié de Velasco3, Steven Francis DiMarco4, Scott M Glenn5, Anthony Hayden Knap4, Travis N Miles5, Robert Currier6, Mathieu Gentil7, Jorge Brenner8, Paula Perez-Brunius9, Sheila Natali Estrada-Allis2 and Gabriela Eugenia Athié de Velasco, (1)Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, San Diego, CA, United States, (2)Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education at Ensenada, Physical Oceanography, Ensenada, BJ, Mexico, (3)Universidad Veracruzana, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Pesquerías, Veracruz, Mexico, (4)Texas A&M University, Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG), College Station TX, United States, (5)Rutgers University, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, New Brunswick, United States, (6)Gulf of America Coastal Ocean Observing System, College Station, United States, (7)Aix-Marseille Université, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, Marseille, France, (8)Gulf of Mexico Coastal Ocean Observing System, Houston, United States, (9)CICESE, Physical Oceanography, Ensenada, BJ, Mexico
 
Understanding the Role of Waves in Modulating Air-Sea Interaction in High Wind Speeds (2031460)
Steven R Jayne, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Physical Oceanography, Woods Hole, MA, United States, Elizabeth Sanabia, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Seattle, United States, Martha Schonau, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States, Jacob R Davis, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Air-Sea Interaction and Remote Sensing, Seattle, United States, David H Richter, University of Notre Dame, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Notre Dame, IN, United States, Michael M Bell, Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States, Johna E. Rudzin, Mississippi State University, Department of Geosciences & Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State, MS, United States, Bia Villas Boas, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States, Henry Potter, Texas A&M University, Oceanography, College Station, TX, United States and SASCWATCH Team
 
Effects of Wave-dependent Sea Spray and Surface Roughness on Tropical Cyclone Intensification: A Coupled Atmosphere–Wave–Ocean Model Experiment (2032169)
Youjung Oh and Il-Ju Moon, Typhoon Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, South Korea
 
Coastal SST Fronts: A Key to Better Monsoon LPS Simulation (2033055)
Maheswar Pradhan1, Suryachandra Rao Anguluri2, Deepeshkumar Jain3 and Ankur Srivastava3, (1)Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Seasonal Prediction, Pune, India, (2)IITM, Pune, India, (3)Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
 
Different Typhoon Developments in the Monsoonal and Trade Wind Regimes: Comparison Study over South China Sea and Gulf of Mexico (2033159)
Weidong Yu, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, CHINA and Tian Ma, Sun Yat-Sen University, Zhuhai, China
 
More Autumn Tropical Cyclone Genesis in the South China Sea during El Niño to La Niña Transition (2034248)
Lixia Pan, School of Oceanography, ShangHai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China, Xin Wang, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, Jiepeng Chen, 1 State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China, Haigang Zhan, State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China and Johnny Chung Leung Chan, Asia-Pacific Typhoon Collaborative Research Center, Shanghai, China
 
Satellite-based estimation of near-surface specific humidity from GCOM-W/AMSR2 during tropical cyclones over the western North Pacific (2035134)
Hiroyuki Tomita, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan and Akiyoshi Wada, Japan Meteorological Agency, Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tokyo, Japan
 
Marine Heatwaves and Extreme Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones (2036508)
Myung-Sook Park1, Hwan Young Choi2 and Hyeong-Seog Kim2, (1)Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST), Korea Ocean Satellite Center, Busan, South Korea, (2)Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Ocean Science and Technology School, Busan, South Korea
 
Evaluating Ocean Model Performance for Predicting Upper-Ocean Heat Reservoirs in Hurricane Intensity Forecasts at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) Site in the Western North Atlantic Ocean (2036753)
Eloïse Chambers1, Rodney Johnson1, Mark Guishard1, Roderick Bakker2, Dominic Smith1, Paul Lethaby1 and Nicholas Robert Bates2,3, (1)Arizona State University (ASU)-Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), St George's, Bermuda, (2)Arizona State University (ASU)-Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), St.George's, Bermuda, (3)Arizona State University, School of Ocean Futures, Tempe, United States
 
Compound Extreme Events of Marine Heatwaves and Tropical Cyclones in the North Indian Ocean (2040954)
Gowri Lekshmi, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India, New Delhi, India, Saurabh Rathore, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, New Delhi, India, Babita Jangir, Institute of soil, water and environment science, Volcani institute, Agriculture research organisation, Israel, Israel, Israel and Anand Singh Dinesh, Climate Change Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia ARC Centre of Excellence for 21st Century Weather, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Sydney, Australia
 
Dynamic Detection of Equilibrium Range Slopes in Wave Spectra: A Novel Framework for Extreme Wind Conditions (2041020)
Benjamin Henkel, Texas A&M University, Oceanography, College Station, United States and Henry Potter, Texas A&M University, Oceanography, College Station, TX, United States
 
Marine Heatwaves in the Bay of Bengal and Associated Air-Sea Interactions (2041354)
Sourav Sil1, Avijit Gangopadhyay2, Arkaprava Ray1, Hitesh Gupta1 and Arpan Bhattacharjee1, (1)Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, School of Earth, Ocean and Climate Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India, (2)University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, School for Marine Science and Technology, New Bedford, United States
 
Crucial Role of Subsurface Temperature and Coastal Ocean Circulation in Tropical Cyclone Rapid Intensification as Revealed by 27 Years of Moored Observations (2041760)
Siria Munoz Navarro1, Yonggang Liu2, Robert H Weisberg2 and Jason Law3, (1)University of South Florida St. Petersburg, St Petersburg, United States, (2)University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, United States, (3)University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, United States
 
Investigation of Temporal and Mesoscale Spatial Variability of Tropical Cyclone Induced Inertial Flows in the North Sargasso Sea (2041827)
Kell Johnston1, Paul Lethaby2, Dr. Rut Pedrosa Pamies3 and Rodney Johnson2, (1)University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom, (2)Arizona State University (ASU)-Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences (BIOS), St George's, Bermuda, (3)Marine Biological Laboratory, The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, United States
 
Resolving the surface wind and wave fields across tropical cyclones with air-deployed drifters (2047205)
Martha Schonau, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, Luca Raffaele Centurioni, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, United States and Theresa Paluszkiewicz, Octopus Ocean Consulting, LLC, Haymarket, United States
 
The State of the Sea Surface and Rapid Intensification of Tropical Cyclones (2048087)
Alexander Soloviev, Nova Southeastern University, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Dania Beach, FL, United States, Roger Lukas, Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States, Breanna Vanderplow, NOAA Affiliate, Miami, United States, Brian K Haus, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, Miami, FL, United States, David G Ortiz-Suslow, Naval Postgraduate School, Department of Meteorology, Monterey, CA, United States and Isaac Ginis, University of Rhode Island, Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI, United States
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