A090
The Dynamics of the Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation in Present and Future Climates: Jet Streams, Storm Tracks, Stationary Waves, and Monsoons

Session ID#: 162290

Session Description:
Large-scale atmospheric circulation plays a key role in the global climate system. Understanding the fundamental dynamics of the large-scale circulation is essential for constraining regional climate projections under a changing climate. Furthermore, the dynamics of the atmospheric general circulation intimately interact with the energy and hydrological cycles, exerting profound impacts on extreme weather and climate events. Such interactions in both the tropics and extra-tropics occur on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, which calls for a combination of conceptual understanding, hierarchical modeling, and observations.

We welcome contributions covering theory, idealized and comprehensive modeling, and novel diagnostic frameworks for observations and CMIP model outputs to improve our understanding of the large-scale atmospheric circulation and how it may respond to future climate change. Contributions including, but not limited to, the ITCZ, monsoons, jet streams, storm tracks, extreme weather events, blocking, stationary waves, and atmospheric rivers are highly encouraged.

Co-Sponsor(s):
  • AMS: American Meteorological Society -
Index Terms:

3319 General circulation [ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES]
3320 Idealized model [ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES]
3337 Global climate models [ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES]
3373 Tropical dynamics [ATMOSPHERIC PROCESSES]


Primary Convener:  Lei Wang, Purdue University, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, West Lafayette, IN, United States
Conveners:  Isla Simpson, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States, Gang Chen, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Simona Bordoni, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
 
An upper bound for extreme temperatures over midlatitude land (Invited) (1048285)
Yi Zhang, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, United States and William R Boos, University of California Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Berkeley, United States
 
The intensification of winter mid-latitude storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere (Invited) (1048566)
Rei Chemke, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel, Yi Ming, NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States and Janni Yuval, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
 
Stormier Southern Hemisphere induced by topography and ocean circulation (1049664)
Tiffany Shaw, University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States, Osamu Miyawaki, University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences, Chicago, United States and Aaron Donohoe, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Understanding the weakening of Northward propagation of Intraseasonal Oscillations during Positive Indian Ocean dipole events. (1058232)
Aditya Kottapalli, Indian Institute of Science, Center for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Bangalore, India and P N Vinayachandran, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
 
Summer North American Dipole Driven by Stationary Rossby Waves Associated with Tropical and Monsoonal Convection (1059132)
Husile Bai, University of Utah, department of atmospheric sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, Courtenay Strong, University of Utah, Atmospheric Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT, United States, Jalene M. LaMontagne, DePaul University, Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States and Benjamin Zuckerberg, University of Wisconsin Madison, Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, Madison, United States
 
Projections of Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Associated Temperature and Precipitation Over the Pacific Northwest Using CMIP6 Models (1059853)
Graham Taylor1, Paul C Loikith1, Christina Aragon2, Huikyo Lee3, Duane Edward Waliser4 and Benjamin R Lintner5, (1)Portland State University, Geography, Portland, OR, United States, (2)Oregon State University, Water Resources Engineering, Corvallis, OR, United States, (3)Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech, Altadena, CA, United States, (4)NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, (5)Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, United States
 
Impacts of Atmospheric Cloud Radiative Effects on Annular Mode Persistence (1059956)
David Vishny, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States, Nicholas Lutsko, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CASPO, San Diego, United States and Casey Wall, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, United States
 
Understanding changes to West African monsoon precipitation in response to increased CO2 (1061420)
Harry Mutton1, Matthew Collins2, Robin Chadwick3, Francis H Lambert2, Ruth Geen4, Christopher Taylor5 and Alexander Todd6, (1)University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, Exeter, EX4, United Kingdom, (2)University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter, EX4, United Kingdom, (3)Met Office Hadley Centre for Climate Change, Exeter, United Kingdom, (4)University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom, (5)UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, United Kingdom, (6)University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
 
The Relative Contributions of Subsidence and Horizontal Advection to the Western European Heat Waves of June and July 2022 (1068443)
Lance F Bosart, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States, Tyler Christopher Leicht, University at Albany/SUNY, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Albany, NY, United States and Alexander Mitchell, SUNY at Albany, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Albany, NY, United States; University at Albany, SUNY, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Albany, United States
 
The Weakening of the Tropical Circulation Is Caused by the Lifting of the Tropopause Height (1070832)
Chen-Shuo Fan and Dietmar Dommenget, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
 
Quantifying Regional Impacts of the El Nino–Southern Oscillation and California Wintertime Precipitation Teleconnection using Causal Inference Theory (1075669)
Surabhi C. Biyani, University of California Los Angeles, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States and Stephen Cropper, University of California Los Angeles, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, United States
 
Estimating the Lowest Latitude of Baroclinic Growth (1080961)
Orli Lachmy, The Open University of Israel, Natural Sciences, Raanana, Israel and Oren Peles, The Open University of Israel, Natural Sciences, Ra'anana, Israel
 
The East Asian-Indian-Australian Tri-monsoon Nexus and its Linkage with ENSO (1081040)
Lun Dai1, Tat Fan Cheng1, Mengqian Lu2 and Bin Wang3, (1)Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong, China, (2)Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, (3)University of Hawaii, Department of Atmospheric Sciences and International Pacific Research Center, Honolulu, United States
 
Tropical-extratropical interactions during large-scale extreme rainfall events over central India (1081105)
Akshaya Nikumbh, Princeton, NJ, UNITED STATES, Abu Bakar Siddiqui Siddiqui Thakur, Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Atmospheric And Oceanic Sciences, Bangalore, India, Arindam Chakraborty, Indian Institute of Science, Centre For Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Bangalore, India, G S Bhat, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India and Jai Sukhatme, Indian Institute of Science, Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Bangalore, India
 
Strengthening Relationships among Atmospheric Teleconnection Modes under Amplified Winter Stationary Wave in the Northern Hemisphere (1083642)
Jueun Lee, GIST Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea and JinHo Yoon, GIST Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, Korea, Republic of (South)
 
Remote and local causal drivers of the eastern Mediterranean tropospheric circulation during boreal summer (1087087)
Giorgia Di Capua1,2, Reik V Donner3,4, Evangelos Tyrlis5 and Daniela Matei5, (1)Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, MAgdeburg, Germany, (2)Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Earth System Analysis, Potsdam, Germany, (3)Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany, (4)Magdeburg-Stendal University of Applied Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany, (5)Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
 
Relations Between the Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation over the East Asian Monsoon Region and the East Asian Tropical Monsoon Depressions (1088078)
Jingyi Li, Anhui Meteorological Observatory, Anhui, China; State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
 
Composite Analyses of Amplified Northern Hemisphere Persistent Flow Regimes (1089444)
Tyler Christopher Leicht, University at Albany State University of New York, Albany, NY, United States and Lance F Bosart, University at Albany, SUNY, Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Albany, NY, United States
 
Investigating the Structure and the Dynamics of Cut-Off Lows in Idealized Global Models (1097378)
Matt Miller, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, United States and Giuseppe Torri, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Atmospheric Sciences, Honolulu, United States
 
Current and Future Finite-Amplitude Wave Activity Budget of Northern Hemisphere Atmospheric Blocking (1100169)
Ebrahim Nabizadeh1, Sandro W. Lubis1 and Pedram Hassanzadeh2, (1)Rice University, Houston, TX, United States, (2)Rice University, Houston, United States
 
Early Onset of the Summer Monsoon Over Indian Land with Increased Solar Activity (1101625)
Jerry B Samuel, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Bangalore, India and Arindam Chakraborty, Indian Institute of Science, Centre For Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Bangalore, India
 
Studying Tropics to Antarctic Teleconnection Using Linear Response Method (1102175)
Arnab Sen1, Pranab Deb1, Adrian John Matthews2 and Manoj Mukund Joshi2, (1)Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Centre for Oceans, Rivers, Atmosphere and Land Sciences (CORAL), Kharagpur, India, (2)University of East Anglia, School of Environmental Sciences, Norwich, United Kingdom
 
The climatology and long-term trend of the atmospheric energetics using a local available potential energy framework (1103008)
Zhen Liu, Center for Climate Physics, Institute for Basic Science, Busan, South Korea, Christian L. E. Franzke, Institute for Basic Science, Center for Climate Physics, Busan, South Korea, Lenka Novak, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States, Remi Tailleux, University of Reading, Reading, RG6, United Kingdom and Valerio Lembo, CNR Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
 
Tropical Pacific Influence on Summertime South African High-frequency Temperature Variability and Heat Waves (1103211)
Patrick Martineau, JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan, Swadhin K. Behera, JAMSTEC, Yokohama, Japan, Masami Nonaka, Application Laboratory, JAMSTEC, Yokohama Kanagawa, Japan, Hisashi Nakamura, University of Tokyo, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan and Yu Kosaka, The University of Tokyo, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
 
A Climate Model Hierarchy Reveals Time-evolving Effects of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Monsoonal Climate (1106087)
Paul J Kushner, University of Toronto, Physics, Toronto, ON, Canada and Haruki Hirasawa, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
 
Investigation of Dry Air Intrusion activity over India during break phases of summer monsoon in CMIP6 models (1106152)
Rahul Singh and Sandeep Sukumaran, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, New Delhi, India
 
Investigating the Interaction Between the Indian Summer Monsoon Low-Pressure Systems and the Monsoon Intraseasonal Oscillations in CMIP6 models (1115696)
K S S Sai Srujan and Sandeep Sukumaran, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, New Delhi, India
 
How Mountains Impact Precipitation Simulation in the Western U.S. (1125074)
Jared Sexton, University of California, Irvine, Department of Earth System Science, Irvine, United States, Jane Wilson Baldwin, University of California Irvine, Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Palisades, United States, Gabriel Andres Vecchi, Princeton University, Department of Geosciences and The High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton, United States and William R Boos, University of California Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Berkeley, United States
 
Interaction between Indian Summer Monsoon and West North Pacific Typhoons and the role of human induced Climate Change. (1125753)
Aswin Sagar1,2, Krishnan Raghavan1 and T.P. Sabin1, (1)Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India, (2)Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
 
East Asian summer monsoon precipitation response to variations in upstream westerly wind (1129118)
Jun-Hyeok Son1, Kyong-Hwan Seo2 and Jae-IL Kwon1, (1)KIOST Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Marine Disaster Research Center, Busan, South Korea, (2)Research Center for Climate Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
 
The role of orographically forced stationary waves, jets, and heating in North American monsoon variability (1129151)
William R Boos, University of California Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Berkeley, United States and Quentin Nicolas, University of California Berkeley, Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Berkeley, CA, United States
 
Weak upstream westerly wind attracts Western North Pacific typhoon tracks to west (1129690)
Jun-Hyeok Son, Ki-Young Heo and Jae-IL Kwon, KIOST Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Marine Disaster Research Center, Busan, South Korea
 
The physics of ITCZ narrowing under global warming captured by a simple process model (1135761)
Fiaz Ahmed, University of California Los Angeles, Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Los Angeles, CA, United States, J David Neelin, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Spencer Hill, Princeton University, Princeton, United States, Kathleen A. Schiro, University of Virginia, Department of Environmental Sciences, Charlottesville, VA, United States and Hui Su, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, United States
 
Emergent constraint on future changes of the Northern Hemisphere wintertime subtropical jet (1136762)
Xinhuiyu Liu and Kevin M Grise, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
 
The Effect of Arabian Sea Pre-Monsoon Tropical Cyclone on Indian Summer Monsoon (1144571)
Anandu Rajeev1, S. Sandeep2, Kiranmayi Landu1 and Velu Vinoj1, (1)Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, School of Earth Ocean and Climate Sciences, Bhubaneswar, India, (2)Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, New Delhi, India
 
Hemispherically Asymmetric Hadley-cell Changes under CO2 Removal Scenario (1146481)
Seo-Yeon Kim1, Yeong-ju Choi2, Seok-Woo Son2, Soon-Il An3, Sang-Wook Yeh4, Seung-Ki Min5, Jong-Seong Kug6 and Jongsoo Shin7, (1)Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South), (2)Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea, (3)Yonsei University, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seoul, South Korea, (4)Hanyang University, Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, Ansan, South Korea, (5)POSTECH, Pohang, Korea, Republic of (South), (6)Pohang University of Science and Engineering, Pohang, South Korea, (7)Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea, Republic of (South)
 
Linkages between Amplified Quasi-stationary Waves and Humid Heat Extremes in Northern Hemisphere Midlatitudes (1150923)
Jiacan Yuan, Fudan University, Shanghai, China and Qiyan Li, Fudan University, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Shanghai, China
 
Tropical precipitation biases in storm-resolving Earth System Models (1154993)
Simona Bordoni, University of Trento, Trento, Italy, Roberta D'Agostino, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy and Adrian Mark Tompkins, Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
 
Extratropical Stratospheric Air Intrusions and the Genesis of Downstream Monsoon Low-Pressure System (1155220)
S Vishnupriya1, E Suhas1 and S. Sandeep2, (1)Indian Institiute of Science Education and Research, Earth and Climate Science, Pune, India, (2)Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, New Delhi, India
 
More Frequent and Stronger Blocking Events with the Presence of Latent Heating in Idealized 2-layer Moist QG model. (1165844)
Giorgio Sarro, University of Chicago, Chicago, United States, Joonsuk Kang, The University of Chicago, Department of Geophysical Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States, Alexander K. Chaudhri, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom, Eric Mischell, University of Miami, Miami, United States and Noboru Nakamura, University of Chicago, Department of the Geophysical Sciences, Chicago, IL, United States
 
Implementing a Boundary Layer Mass Flux Modification to the Spectral Weak Temperature Gradient Method in NCAR’s Single Column Atmospheric Model SCAM6 (1169783)
Sean Cohen, New York, NY, UNITED STATES, Adam H Sobel, Columbia University, Department of Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics, New York, NY, United States, Michela Biasutti, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, NY, United States, Shuguang Wang, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China and Isla Simpson, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States
 
Investigating the sensitivity of the onset and withdrawal of the South-Asian summer monsoon system to changes in anthropogenic emissions using a climate model (1173970)
Shiwansha Mishra, Dilip Ganguly and Puneet Sharma, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, New Delhi, India
 
Will correcting cloud radiative biases over the Southern Ocean improve precipitation biases over the Indian subcontinent in CESM2 simulations? (1174328)
Dipti Swapnil Hingmire1, Hansi Alice Singh2, Haruki Hirasawa1, Phil Rasch3,4, Linda Hedges5, Brian Dobbins6, Peetak Mitra7, Subhashis Hazarika7, Soo Kyung Kim7,8 and Kalai Ramea9, (1)University of Victoria, School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Victoria, BC, Canada, (2)University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada, (3)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States, (4)University of Washington, Seattle, United States, (5)SilverLining, Washington DC, United States, (6)National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States, (7)PARC, Palo Alto, United States, (8)LLNL, Livermore, United States, (9)PARC, Palo Alto, CA, United States
 
CMIP6 captures the satellite-era jet slowdown and arctic amplification - yet projects future jet speedup and tropical amplification (1179177)
Jacob Scheff1, Rachel Maya Robinson2 and Nicholas Golden1, (1)University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States, (2)University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, United States
 
Local meridional circulation changes contribute to a projected slowdown of the Indian Ocean Walker circulation (1180125)
Sahil Sharma1, Kyung-Ja Ha2, Wenju Cai3, Eui-Seok Chung4 and Tamas Bodai1, (1)IBS Center for Climate Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea, (2)Department of Atmospheric 8 Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea, (3)Centre for Southern Hemisphere Oceans Research (CSHOR), CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Hobart, VIC, Australia, (4)Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
 
Seasonal Superrotation in Earth’s Troposphere (1180412)
Pengcheng Zhang, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, United States and Nicholas Lutsko, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CASPO, San Diego, United States
 
The climate impact of changes in poleward heat transport by atmospheric eddies is damped by the Ferrel cell response (1181831)
Aaron Donohoe, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States, Tyler Cox, University of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, WA, United States, Robert Fajber, University of Washington, Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle, United States, Kyle Armour, University of Washington, Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences and School of Oceanography, Seattle, United States and Gerard Roe, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
 
The South Asian Monsoon System Response to AMOC Perturbations (1184179)
Jingyuan Li, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CASPO, La Jolla, United States and Nicholas Lutsko, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, CASPO, San Diego, United States
 
Understanding the Monthly Variation in the Upstream Enhancement of Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Near the Western Ghats (1186630)
Savannah Lee Ferretti1, Nana Liu2, Jane Wilson Baldwin2 and Mike S Pritchard2, (1)University of California Irvine, Earth System Science, Irvine, CA, United States, (2)University of California Irvine, Earth System Science, Irvine, United States
 
Weakening of the Tropical Circulations in CMIP6 for Different SST Warming Patterns (1187224)
Sisam Shrestha, University of Miami, Atmospheric Science, Miami, United States and Brian Soden, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
 
The Changing Northern Annular Mode and its Connection to Reduced North American Winter Variability (1189545)
Diah Valentina Lestari, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Division of Environment and Sustainability, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Xiaoming Shi, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, Hong Kong and Elizabeth Maroon, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
 
Pacific North American Circulation Sensitivity to Tropical Divergence and Vertical Diabatic Processes During ENSO (1190607)
Richard B Neale, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, United States, H. Annamalai, University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, International Pacific Research Center, Honolulu, HI, United States and Jan Hafner, IPRC/SOEST U. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
 
Subseasonal variation of early summer East Asian rainfall modulated by Indian monsoonal heating investigated using Large-Ensemble Experiment (1191241)
Shixue Li1, Tomonori Sato2 and Tetsu Nakamura2, (1)Hokkaido University, Graduate School of Environmental Science, Sapporo, Japan, (2)Hokkaido University, Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Sapporo, Japan
 
Reassessing the dynamic and thermodynamic contributions to hydrologic change under global warming: Insights from the CESM large ensemble (1196442)
Nicholas Siler, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States, David B Bonan, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States and Aaron Donohoe, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
 
Revisiting the Role of Diabatic Eddy Generation for the Persistence and Propagation of the Southern Annular Mode (1199858)
Samuel J Smith, Indiana University Bloomington, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Bloomington, United States, Jian Lu, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States and Paul W. Staten, Indiana University Bloomington, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Bloomington, IN, United States
 
The Role of Moisture on Barotropic and Baroclinic Annular Mode in a Moist Two-Layer Quasi-Geostrophic Model (1200130)
Julian Toro, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States and Lei Wang, The University of Chicago, Chicago, United States
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