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W140
Current Status of Genomic Selection in US Beef Cattle
W081
Genetic Maps of Miscanthus sacchariflorus Robustus and M. sinensis using EST-derived SSRs, and Their Preliminary Comparison to Sorghum
W439
Genomic Diversity and Sequence-Based Association Analyses in Medicago truncatula
W260
Replication and Fine-Mapping of a QTL for Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) in European Warmblood Horses
W242
Genome-Wide Investigation of Admixture in Polar and Brown Bears
W306
Master Regulators of Wood Formation in Eucalyptus
W476
Tissue-Specific Organelle DNA Degradation Mediated by DPD1 Exonuclease
W460
Closterium and Chara Genome and Transcriptome Analyses
W485
The Rose Genome Sequence Initiative
W045
New In-Depth Rainbow Trout Transcriptome Reference and Digital Atlas of Gene Expression
W731
Interspecies Signaling Interactions and Pathogen Suppression Among Soilborne Streptomyces
W219
Sequencing and resequencing of watermelon genomes
W569
From atoms to genomes: fitness tradeoffs between polyploidy and potassium limitation in A. thaliana
W487
Leveraging on the Elaeis Genome and Transcriptome for Enhancing Agronomic Traits
W306
Master Regulators of Wood Formation in Eucalyptus
W004
Effect of Water-Deficit Stress on Seed Development and Metabolism: An Integrated Approach to Identify Key Pathways and Metabolites Involved in Stress Regulation
W627
Genomes to Genes: Comparative genomic analysis in Prunoideae
W585
Insights from Multi-Tissue Transcriptome Analysis Into the Genomics of Host Resistance to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli
W258
Insertion of ERE elements in the horse genome and gene expression regulation
W118
Adding value to T. cacao germplasm collections combining GWAS and genome sequence analysis
W127
Use of the Matina 1-6 Cacao Genome Sequence to Identify Marker-Trait Associations for Witches' Broom Resistance in Theobroma cacao L
W130
Whole genome microarray and proteomics analysis of cacao embryogenesis
W491
Exploring the Oil Palm Transcriptome: Mechanisms Underlying Reproductive Development
W153
Goat genome assembly, Availability of an international 50K SNP chip and RH panel : an update of the International Goat Genome Consortium projects
W452
Somaclonal Variation Detected in Rice by Next-Generation Sequencing
W532
Functional Studies of Japanese Apricot DAM Genes
W316
Non-self Recognition by Multiple F-box Genes in Self-incompatibility of Japanese Pear (Pyrus pyrifolia)
W314
Genomic Tools Enhance Power and Precision of Hazelnut Breeding
W077
Identification of grain dormancy Qsd1 from wild barley
W324
Improvement of Information and Material Resources of Lotus japonicus
W536
MicroRNA Profiling in Melon During Aphid Herbivory in Susceptible and Resistant Interactions
W193
From Hosts to Symbionts: Integrated Gene Prediction for Prokaryotic Genomes using EuGene
W306
Master Regulators of Wood Formation in Eucalyptus
W275
Grass Endophyte Discovery - From Global Diversity to Pangenome Analysis
W348
The Integrated Breeding Platform
W071
Development of Transgenic Banana cv Rasbale (syn Rasthali AAB) Resistant to Fusarium Wilt
W153
Goat genome assembly, Availability of an international 50K SNP chip and RH panel : an update of the International Goat Genome Consortium projects
W656
Towards the Systematic Mutagenesis of Sweet Sorghum Genome by Gamma Ray: Screening and Analysis of Dwarf and Slender Mutants
W190
Genomic resourses in Cynara cardunculus
W431
Optimizing the construction of robust physical map in wheat
W092
Genome Diversity in Brachypodium distachyon: Deep Sequencing of Highly Diverse Natural Accessions
W627
Genomes to Genes: Comparative genomic analysis in Prunoideae
W336
RNA-Seq Applications on the Ion Torrent PGM
W720
Genome Sequence for the Apicomplexan Sarcosystis neurona
W632
Sex determination in poeciliids, a focus on the platyfish xiphophorus maculatus
W435
Mining and mapping of SSR motifs from BAC-end sequences of watermelon
W193
From Hosts to Symbionts: Integrated Gene Prediction for Prokaryotic Genomes using EuGene
W725
Managing Plant-Microbe Interactions in Soil to Promote Sustainable Agriculture
W518
Extensions to eGIFT Allowing Text-mining of Gene Lists
W681
Epigenetic Profiling of Heterochromatic Satellite DNA in Sugar Beet
W372
Shoot Branching and Leaf Dissection in Tomato Are Regulated by Homologous Gene Modules
W660
Patterns and Heritability of Epiallelic Variation in Glycine max
W086
Bioinformatic Analyses of an Alien Chromosome in Rye
W021
Feed Efficiency in Cattle: An Epigenetic Perspective
W140
Current Status of Genomic Selection in US Beef Cattle
W145
Differential Gene Expression Detected via Transcriptome Sequencing in Angus Steers Differing for Feed Efficiency
W147
Copy Number Variation of Individual Cattle Genomes using Next Generation Sequencing
W149
Bovine Innate Immune Genomics: Signatures of Selection and Association
W150
Angus Genome Project
W007
Genomic Approaches for Gene Identification
W141
Delayed Scrapie Incubation Time in Goats Heterozygous for PRNP S146 or K222
W233
The Annotation of Plant Proteins in UniProtKB
W064
Design of an Illumina Infinium 6k SNPchip for genotyping two large avocado mapping populations
W123
Identification, analysis and mapping of SNP markers in Theobroma cacao
W124
A Core Set of SNPs for Cacao Genotyping
W127
Use of the Matina 1-6 Cacao Genome Sequence to Identify Marker-Trait Associations for Witches' Broom Resistance in Theobroma cacao L
W129
Developing a reliable assay for Cacao Swollen Shoot Virus using quantitative PCR
W131
Association mapping in cacao
W099
Comparative and Population Genomics in the Brassicaceae
W074
Frequency and pattern of structural variation in the cultivated and non-cultivated gene-pool of barley as revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridization
W086
Bioinformatic Analyses of an Alien Chromosome in Rye
W433
The barley physical map – impact of different BAC libraries made of partially digested or randomly sheared genomic DNA
W559
Identification of Ca2+- Permeable Channel Genes in Guard Cells of Arabidopsis
W332
Studying Functional Genomics with Next-Generation Sequencing
W526
Centromere Maintenance Via CENH3
W255
Ancient Horse Genomes In the Next-Next Generation Sequencing Era
W526
Centromere Maintenance Via CENH3
W149
Bovine Innate Immune Genomics: Signatures of Selection and Association
W433
The barley physical map – impact of different BAC libraries made of partially digested or randomly sheared genomic DNA
W678
Genetic diversity, population structure, and linkage disequilibrium in elite sugar beet germplasm
W015
Nanoscale Approaches Allow Highly Sensitive Quantification of Alternative Splice Sites in Plant Genes
W099
Comparative and Population Genomics in the Brassicaceae
W092
Genome Diversity in Brachypodium distachyon: Deep Sequencing of Highly Diverse Natural Accessions
W534
Ethylene-Signaling in Wheat is Essential for Type I and II Resistance to Fusarium graminearum and Tolerance to Deoxynivalenol
W471
Genome-Wide Association Study in Oat for Increased beta-glucan Content
W134
Characterization of Bullmastiff Head Morphology and Identification of RUNX2 Allelic Variation within the Breed
W149
Bovine Innate Immune Genomics: Signatures of Selection and Association
W149
Bovine Innate Immune Genomics: Signatures of Selection and Association
W301
Predictive Models of Regulatory and Metabolic Pathway for Monolignol Biosynthesis
W268
Alternative splicing and coding sequence evolution in polyploid wheat
W118
Adding value to T. cacao germplasm collections combining GWAS and genome sequence analysis
W460
Closterium and Chara Genome and Transcriptome Analyses
W576
The Role of the Vasotocin Four Receptor (VT4R) in the Stress Response of Broilers
W264
Exploring the White Spruce Genome: Gene Content, Evolution and Expression
W364
Harnessing Available Genetic Variation Using the Maize Allelic Diversity Platform at Syngenta
W295
Next Generation Sequencing of the Salix purpurea L. Genome and Transcriptome: Tools for the Genetic Improvement of Willow Biomass Crops
W222
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome sequencing and comparative analysis
W592
Genome wide association study for egg defects in layer chickens
W336
RNA-Seq Applications on the Ion Torrent PGM
W178
CaPrx, a class III peroxidase gene from Coffea arabica specifically induced by root-knot nematode infection
W689
Sugarcane Allelic Variation: What Does It Tell About Polyploidization
W736
NCBO Web Services and Development of Semantic Applications
W260
Replication and Fine-Mapping of a QTL for Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) in European Warmblood Horses
W207
GhHOX3 in Cotton Fiber Elongation
W621
Identification of QTL for Root Traits Associated with Flooding Tolerance of Soybean
W255
Ancient Horse Genomes In the Next-Next Generation Sequencing Era
W478
Small Genome and Complex Transcriptome: RNA-seq Analysis of Chloroplast Transcription
W499
Insights into Switchgrass Genome Structure and Organization
W499
Insights into Switchgrass Genome Structure and Organization
W202
SNP-based genotyping in lentil: linking sequence information with phenotypes
C29
CisSERS: Customizable in silico Sequence Evaluation of Restriction Sites
W523
The Use of Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) to Pachytene Chromosomes in Sequencing the Tomato Genome
W130
Whole genome microarray and proteomics analysis of cacao embryogenesis
W539
The potato aphid transcriptome and salivary secretome
W651
Somatic Variation of Chloroplast DNA Transferred to the Nucleus
W301
Predictive Models of Regulatory and Metabolic Pathway for Monolignol Biosynthesis
W730
Nitrous Oxide-Producing Fungi in Agricultural Soil
W599
Proteomics Analysis Revealed Co-regulatory Network for Biomass Degradation in Cattle Rumen
W434
Creation and application of BAC/BIBAC resources of cereals
W163
Effect of haplotype structure to linkage analysis on the seedlessness trait in Citrus
C04
VCMap3.0: a comparative genetics viewer designed to transfer annotation, QTL and biological information across species
W020
Genome-Wide ChIP-seq Mapping and Analysis of Butyrate-Induced H3K9 and H3K27 Acetylation and Epigenomic Landscapes Alteration in Bovine Cells
W442
Transcriptome of Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) Through RNA-seq: Nodulation, Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation, Transcription Factors
W132
Evaluation of Mhc as a Genetic Risk Factor for Chorioretinitis and Retinal Atrophy in the Flat-Coated Retriever
W198
Annotating Eukaryotic Genomes at the JGI
W544
Molecular Breeding for Reducing Antinutrient Factors in Cereals
W301
Predictive Models of Regulatory and Metabolic Pathway for Monolignol Biosynthesis
W319
WholeGenome Comparisons of Fragaria, Prunus and Malus Reveal Different Modes of Evolution Between Rosaceous Subfamilies
W297
QTL Mapping and Targeted Sequencing of Genomic Regions Conferring Resistance to Chestnut Blight (Cryphonectria parasitica) and Ink Disease (Phytophthora cinnamomi)
W550
Using Computational Methods to Quantify, Describe, and Retrieve Visual Phenotypes
W091
BRACHYTIL, a TILLING Platfom for functional genomics in Brachypodium distachyon
W255
Ancient Horse Genomes In the Next-Next Generation Sequencing Era
W222
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome sequencing and comparative analysis
W453
Automated, High-Throughput Mutation Detection in Plants: Scanning Small to Large Gene Sizes with Fragment Analyzer™ Technology
W723
Microbial Community Activity:Communication Among Soil Microbes
W627
Genomes to Genes: Comparative genomic analysis in Prunoideae
W152
Gene Network Analyses of First Service Conception in Brangus Heifers: Use of Genome and Trait Associations, Hypothalamic-Transcriptome Information, and Transcription Factors
W594
Development of High Density Chicken Genotyping Array
W086
Bioinformatic Analyses of an Alien Chromosome in Rye
W172
Developing Genomic Resources to Improve Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Wheat
W268
Alternative splicing and coding sequence evolution in polyploid wheat
W427
Towards A Reference Sequence of the Bread Wheat Chromosome 3B
W431
Optimizing the construction of robust physical map in wheat
W588
Search for Genomic Footprints of Divergent Selection From Whole Genome Sequencing of Four Experimental Lines of Broiler Chickens
W381
Discussion on the Way Forward to Harness Genetic Resources for Crop Adaptation to Climate Change
W644
Sequencing and Comparison of the Genomes of Petunia inflata and Petunia axillaris
W358
Non-host resistance to cereal rusts
W473
Gene tagging in large genome cereals through Ac/Ds transposons
W206
“Developing genomic resources for narrow leaf lupin with a focus on seeds”
W473
Gene tagging in large genome cereals through Ac/Ds transposons
W487
Leveraging on the Elaeis Genome and Transcriptome for Enhancing Agronomic Traits
W100
Uncovering the Ancestral Blocks Reveals the Hexaploid Genome of the Emerging Biofuel Crop, Camelina sativa
W473
Gene tagging in large genome cereals through Ac/Ds transposons
W620
Drought Adaptation in Sorghum: Associations with Nodal Root Angle and Root System Architecture
W095
Phenotyping the Shoot and Root Diversity of Brachypodium distachyon to Accelerate Plant Biofuel Breeding
W664
Identifying Molecular Markers for Ozone Tolerance in Soybean
W282
Differential Transcriptomes During Forming Of Epigenetic Memory In Norway Spruce
W300
Association Genetics of Traits Underlying Secondary Cell Wall Chemistry and Ultrastructure in Populus trichocarpa
W079
Exploiting Miscanthus Diversity for Improved Crop Yield and Quality
W292
Levels and patterns of nucleotide variability and population differentiation in Populus: insights from transcriptome resequencing and SNP genotyping
W293
Life and Death in the Paleopolyploid Genome: Contrasting Patterns of Duplicate Gene Evolution in Populus
W300
Association Genetics of Traits Underlying Secondary Cell Wall Chemistry and Ultrastructure in Populus trichocarpa
W528
Population Genomics of Vegetative Phenology in Populus
W551
Plant Phenotypes Resources -- Panel Discussion
W295
Next Generation Sequencing of the Salix purpurea L. Genome and Transcriptome: Tools for the Genetic Improvement of Willow Biomass Crops
W222
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) genome sequencing and comparative analysis
C15
The Plant Ontology: Linking Plant Anatomy and Development to Genomics Across Plant Taxa
W463
Annotating Gene Expression in Physcomitrella patens using the Plant Ontology: Facilitating Cross-Taxa Comparisons
W549
The Plant Ontology: Linking Genomic and Phenomic Data Across Plant Taxa
W734
Expanding the Plant Ontology: Linking Plant Anatomy and Development to Genomics Across Plant Taxa
W677
Multiple Trait Genomic Selection (MT-GS) in Plant Breeding via Multivariate Bayesian Modeling
W206
“Developing genomic resources for narrow leaf lupin with a focus on seeds”
W594
Development of High Density Chicken Genotyping Array
W739
Utilization of the Fluidigm Integrated Fluidic Chip (IFC) for SNPs Genotyping and BAC Clone Identification in Amaranthus
W487
Leveraging on the Elaeis Genome and Transcriptome for Enhancing Agronomic Traits
C12
Entrez Probe - a resource for nucleic acid reagents used in genomics
W485
The Rose Genome Sequence Initiative
W152
Gene Network Analyses of First Service Conception in Brangus Heifers: Use of Genome and Trait Associations, Hypothalamic-Transcriptome Information, and Transcription Factors
W659
Towards early-stage chilling tolerance for European energy sorghum
W682
EXPRESSION PROFILING OF SUGARCANE GENOTYPES CONTRASTING FOR DROUGHT TOLERANCE
W042
The Genome Sequence of Atlantic Cod: Lessons for Breeding and Aquaculture
W633
Genomics of an ancient sex chromosome in Tilapia
W306
Master Regulators of Wood Formation in Eucalyptus
W301
Predictive Models of Regulatory and Metabolic Pathway for Monolignol Biosynthesis
W019
Marek's Disease Virus Infection Induces Differential Chromatin Marks and Tissue-specific effects in inbred chicken lines
W147
Copy Number Variation of Individual Cattle Genomes using Next Generation Sequencing
W573
Marek’s Disease Virus Infection Induces Differential Chromatin Marks and Tissue-specific effects in inbred chicken lines
W590
Host Genetic Resistance Sustains HVT Protective Efficacy Comparable to CVI988/Rispens' in Lines of Chickens Relatively Resistant to Marek's Disease
W536
MicroRNA Profiling in Melon During Aphid Herbivory in Susceptible and Resistant Interactions
W206
“Developing genomic resources for narrow leaf lupin with a focus on seeds”
View
Genomic Selection in Plants: Empirical Results and Implications for Wheat and Barley Breeding Programs
W357
Genomic selection to accelerate breeding for complex stem rust resistance
W677
Multiple Trait Genomic Selection (MT-GS) in Plant Breeding via Multivariate Bayesian Modeling
W714
Genotyping-By-Sequencing to Enable Genomics Assisted Breeding in Wheat
C05
BioMercatorV4 – A complete framework to integrate QTL, meta-QTL and genome annotation
W194
Using RNA-Seq in Multi-Genome Gnomon for Fungal Genomes Annotation
W164
Transcriptome of Ponkan mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) in the early infection of Xylella fastidiosa
W488
Whole Genome Sequencing of the E. oleifera South-American Wild Oil Palm
W071
Development of Transgenic Banana cv Rasbale (syn Rasthali AAB) Resistant to Fusarium Wilt
W724
Soil Bacteria and Plant Allelopathy: An Ecological Link Between Biodegradation and Toxicity
W245
A Calcium-Conducting Plant Glutamate Receptor, GLR3.4, in Phloem Regulates Lateral Root Initiation
W275
Grass Endophyte Discovery - From Global Diversity to Pangenome Analysis
W589
Expression of nutrient transporters and digestive enzymes in the yolk sac membrane and intestine of the embryonic chick
W139
1000 Bull Genomes Consortium Project
W602
Functional Evidence for Genes Underlying Resistance QTL in Barley to Powdery Mildew
W307
Generation of a Eucalyptus globulus Reference Genome and Gene Catalogue
W206
“Developing genomic resources for narrow leaf lupin with a focus on seeds”
W187
Chemical diversity and evolution written in the genomes of the Compositae
W335
Interactions Between the Genome and Epigenome in Arabidopsis Accessions
W375
Identification and Expression Profiling of miRNAs and siRNAs in Chilled Vegetative Buds and Non-chilled Leaf Tissue in Peach
W103
BREAD: Functional Analysis of DNA Satellites Associated with Cassava Mosaic Disease
W286
Conifer Translational Genomics Network: Bringing Genomics Based Breeding To Application
W663
What's Under a QTL? Gene Expression Changes Following Infection by Phytophthora sojae
W523
The Use of Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) to Pachytene Chromosomes in Sequencing the Tomato Genome
W195
The AUGUSTUS Eukaryotic RNA-Seq-based Gene Prediction Pipeline
W439
Genomic Diversity and Sequence-Based Association Analyses in Medicago truncatula
W042
The Genome Sequence of Atlantic Cod: Lessons for Breeding and Aquaculture
W728
Functional and Molecular Diversity in Nitrogen Cycle Enzymes, What Genes are We Looking for?
W099
Comparative and Population Genomics in the Brassicaceae
W072
A physical map of the barley genome - hub for gene isolation, genome diversity analysis and genome sequencing
W074
Frequency and pattern of structural variation in the cultivated and non-cultivated gene-pool of barley as revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridization
W086
Bioinformatic Analyses of an Alien Chromosome in Rye
W433
The barley physical map – impact of different BAC libraries made of partially digested or randomly sheared genomic DNA
W601
Analysis of the earliness per se 3Am Locus (Eps-3Am) in an Einkorn Wheat Mutant (Triticum monococcum L.) Revealed a Link to the Circadian Clock
W423
In-silico mapping of my favorite gene using the survey sequence of wheat
W255
Ancient Horse Genomes In the Next-Next Generation Sequencing Era
W371
Comparative Genomics Based on Large-Scale Parallel Transcriptomics of Root Development and Stress Response
W074
Frequency and pattern of structural variation in the cultivated and non-cultivated gene-pool of barley as revealed by Comparative Genomic Hybridization
W433
The barley physical map – impact of different BAC libraries made of partially digested or randomly sheared genomic DNA
W601
Analysis of the earliness per se 3Am Locus (Eps-3Am) in an Einkorn Wheat Mutant (Triticum monococcum L.) Revealed a Link to the Circadian Clock
C15
The Plant Ontology: Linking Plant Anatomy and Development to Genomics Across Plant Taxa
W463
Annotating Gene Expression in Physcomitrella patens using the Plant Ontology: Facilitating Cross-Taxa Comparisons
W549
The Plant Ontology: Linking Genomic and Phenomic Data Across Plant Taxa
W734
Expanding the Plant Ontology: Linking Plant Anatomy and Development to Genomics Across Plant Taxa
W464
Stable transformation, a strategic tool for fern functional genomics
W508
Improving the Nutritional Content of Lettuce: The Second Most Consumed Vegetable in the US
W255
Ancient Horse Genomes In the Next-Next Generation Sequencing Era
W099
Comparative and Population Genomics in the Brassicaceae
W227
Use of RNAi to Obtain Ultra-low Gossypol Cottonseed to Enhance Global Food and Feed Security
W034
Rapid Development of Molecular Resources for a Freshwater Mussel, Villosa lienosa (Bivalvia: Unionidae) Using a RNA-seq-based Approach
View
Plant Translational Genomics and Crop Improvement: Partnering with the Plant Breeding and Genomics Community of Practice to Put Research into Practice
W431
Optimizing the construction of robust physical map in wheat
W139
1000 Bull Genomes Consortium Project
W324
Improvement of Information and Material Resources of Lotus japonicus
W293
Life and Death in the Paleopolyploid Genome: Contrasting Patterns of Duplicate Gene Evolution in Populus
W299
Large-scale RNA-seq Transcriptomics Studies Exploring Wood Development and Natural Variation in Aspen (P. tremula): Projects and Resource Development
W518
Extensions to eGIFT Allowing Text-mining of Gene Lists
W594
Development of High Density Chicken Genotyping Array
W708
Identification of a Functional Transposon Insertion in the Maize Domestication Gene tb1
View
Targeted Mutation Breeding - Novel Traits in Several Months
W571
Integrating Next Gen Seq Applications to Identify Marek's Disease Resistance Genes
W599
Proteomics Analysis Revealed Co-regulatory Network for Biomass Degradation in Cattle Rumen
W043
Towards the Complete Genome: Progress of Common Carp Genome Project
W299
Large-scale RNA-seq Transcriptomics Studies Exploring Wood Development and Natural Variation in Aspen (P. tremula): Projects and Resource Development
W507
Nutriomics Approach on Chinese Cabbage Breeding
W075
Genome-wide transcript profiling of barley rar3 in response to powdery mildew
W032
Transcriptomic Analysis of the Pacific Oyster: Studying Local Adaptation of Recently Settled Populations in Northern Europe
W531
Transcriptional Analysis of Dormancy and Sprout Control in Potato
W603
Cloning the Chromosome 7BL Boron Toxicity Tolerance Locus Bo1 and Analysis of Allelic Variation in Bread and Durum Wheat
W460
Closterium and Chara Genome and Transcriptome Analyses
W277
The Development of a BAC-fingerprint FPC map for Lolium perenne
W079
Exploiting Miscanthus Diversity for Improved Crop Yield and Quality
W315
A Draft Assembly and Analysis of the Highly Heterozygous Diploid Red Raspberry Genome (Rubus idaeus cv. Heritage)
W057
Genetic Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) for Body Weight in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
W260
Replication and Fine-Mapping of a QTL for Recurrent Airway Obstruction (RAO) in European Warmblood Horses
W461
The Beginnings of Bryophyte Comparative Genomics: The Transcriptome of Ceratodon purpureus
W214
Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Root System Architecture in Rice
W524
Inversions in Plants – Detection, Mechanisms and Evolution
W463
Annotating Gene Expression in Physcomitrella patens using the Plant Ontology: Facilitating Cross-Taxa Comparisons
W480
Exploiting Natural Nucleic Acid Trafficking Pathways to Manipulate the Mitochondrial Genetic System