Ocean Sciences



Advances in Understanding Global Meridional Overturning Circulation from Past to Future: Insights from Multiple Approaches
Primary Convener:  Feng He, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Conveners:  Kelly H Kilbourne, University of Maryland (UMCES CBL), Solomons, MD, United States, Maureen H Walczak, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Corvallis, United States and Michael A Spall, WHOI, Woods Hole, MA, United States


General Topics in Physical and Geological Oceanography in Poster Format


Pressure Based Water Level Measurements - Getting it Right
Primary Convener:  Hans Fernandez, RBR Ltd., Ottawa, ON, CANADA
Convener:  Hans Fernandez, RBR Ltd., Ottawa, ON, CANADA


Rachel Carson Lecture
Primary Convener:  Clare Reimers, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
Convener:  Charles Nittrouer, University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA, United States


The Structure, Stability and Temporal Variability of Global Meridional Overturning Circulation: Past, Present, and Future
Primary Liaison:  Feng He, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Primary Convener:  Feng He, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Convener:  Maureen H Walczak, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Corvallis, United States


The William S. and Carelyn Y. Reeburgh Lecture: Recognizing Significant Contributions to the Fields of Global Biogeochemistry
Primary Convener:  Clare Reimers, Oregon State University, Corvallis, United States
Convener:  Charles Nittrouer, University of Washington, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA, United States


OS001
Advances in Understanding Global Meridional Overturning Circulation from Past to Future: Insights from Multiple Approaches
Primary Convener:  Feng He, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Conveners:  Kelly H Kilbourne, University of Maryland (UMCES CBL), Solomons, MD, United States, Maureen H Walczak, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Corvallis, United States and Michael A Spall, WHOI, Woods Hole, MA, United States


OS002
AI for Ocean and Climate Change
Primary Convener:  Felimon Gayanilo, Texas A & M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, United States
Conveners:  Hassan Moustahfid, NOAA/NOS/US Integrated Ocean Observing System, Silver Spring, United States, Anass El Aouni, GeoStat team, INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, Talence, France and Avijit Gangopadhyay, Professor of Oceanography, School for Marine Science and Technology University of Massachusetts Dartmouth 836, S. Rodney French Blvd. New Bedford, MA, New Bedford, MA, United States


OS003
Arctic coastal and continental shelf dynamics
Primary Convener:  Emily Eidam, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States
Conveners:  Nina Stark, Virginia Tech, Charles E. Via, Jr., Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Blacksburg, United States and Jaap Nienhuis, Utrecht University, Department of Physical Geography, Utrecht, Netherlands


OS004
Changes in light availability in the Arctic and sub-Arctic system and effects on biophysical processes
Primary Convener:  Jaclyn L Clement Kinney, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
Conveners:  Karen E Frey, Clark University, Graduate School of Geography, Worcester, MA, United States and Younjoo Lee, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States


OS005
Cold seep methane dynamics - geological drivers and biogeochemical impacts.
Primary Convener:  Samantha Benton Joye, University of Georgia, Marine Sciences, Athens, GA, United States
Conveners:  Davide Oppo, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, Lafayette, LA, United States, Sunita R Shah Walter, University of Delaware, School of Marine Science and Policy, Newark, DE, United States and Adam D Skarke, Mississippi State University, Department of Geosciences, Mississippi State, MS, United States


OS006
Convergent Research in the Arctic: Addressing Complex Societal Challenges through Action-Oriented Coastal and Ocean Science
Primary Convener:  Matthew L Druckenmiller, National Snow and Ice Data Center, Boulder, CO, United States
Conveners:  Thomas Ravens, University of Alaska Anchorage, Civil Engineering, Anchorage, AK, United States and Twila A Moon, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
Student/Early Career Convener:  Pacifica Askitrea Leona Mai Takata-Glushkoff, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Geophysical Institute, Fairbanks, AK, United States


OS007
Earth System Reanalysis
Primary Convener:  Detlef Stammer, Universität Hamburg, Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Institute of Oceanography, Hamburg, Germany
Convener:  Iuliia Polkova, Universität Hamburg, Centrum für Erdsystemforschung und Nachhaltigkeit, Institute of Oceanography, Hamburg, Germany


OS008
General Topics in Biological and Chemical Oceanography in Poster Format
Primary Convener:  Carol Arnosti, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Marine Sciences, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
Conveners:  Kendra L Daly, University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, St. Petersburg, FL, United States and Steven D'Hondt, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States


OS009
General Topics in Physical and Geological Oceanography in Poster Format
Primary Convener:  Janet Sprintall, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA, United States
Convener:  Steven D'Hondt, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, United States


OS010
Harmful Sargassum Blooms in the Tropical Atlantic : in situ observation, remote sensing, forecast and management
Primary Convener:  Anastasia Tarasenko, Meteo-France, CMS, Lannion, France
Convener:  Ludivine Goujon, Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie, Marseille, France
Student/Early Career Convener:  Marine Laval, Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography, Marseille Cedex 09, France


OS011
Hydrate-bearing and Ice-bearing Sediments: Observations, Experiments and Theory across Multiple Scales.
Primary Convener:  Xiaojing Fu, California Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, Pasadena, CA, United States and Ann Cook: Ohio State University, School of Earth Science
Conveners:  Ann Cook, OSU Earth Sciences, Columbus, OH, United States, Kehua You, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States and Ann Cook: Ohio State University, School of Earth Science
Student/Early Career Convener:  Li Wei, Columbia University, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO), Palisades, United States and Ann Cook: Ohio State University, School of Earth Science


OS012
Interpretable Machine Learning for Marine Sciences: From Data Mapping to Gaining Trustworthy New Knowledge
Primary Convener:  Yvonne Jenniges, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, Germany; Helmholtz School for Marine Data Science (MarDATA), Kiel, Germany
Conveners:  Maike Sonnewald, NOAA/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, United States; Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States, Carola Trahms, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Helmholtz School for Marine Data Science (MarDATA), Kiel, Germany and Dani Jones, NERC British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, United Kingdom
Student/Early Career Convener:  Yvonne Jenniges, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz-Center for Polar and Marine Research Bremerhaven, Bremerhaven, Germany


OS013
Lagrangian Coherent Structures in Hydrodynamics
Primary Convener:  Murali Krishnam Raju Kalidindi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Civil Engineering, New Delhi, India
Convener:  Rakesh Khosa, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Civil Engineering, New Delhi, India
Student/Early Career Convener:  Murali Krishnam Raju Kalidindi, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Department of Civil Engineering, New Delhi, India


OS014
Mesoscale and submesoscale ocean-atmosphere interactionsand influence on Earth’s climate
Primary Convener:  Larry W O'Neill, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States and US CLIVAR Air-Sea Interactions Working Group
Conveners:  Qing Wang, Naval Postgraduate School, Department of Meteorology, Monterey, CA, United States, Niklas Schneider, Univ Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States, Hyodae Seo, WHOI, Woods Hole, United States and US CLIVAR Air-Sea Interactions Working Group


OS015
Nearshore Processes
Primary Convener:  Christine Marie Baker, University of Washington, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seattle, WA, United States
Conveners:  Chuan Li, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States, Katherine Anarde, North Carolina State University, Civil, Construction, and Environmental Engineering, Raleigh, United States and Laura Danielle Szczyrba, Queen's University, Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Kingston, ON, Canada
Student/Early Career Convener:  Laura Danielle Szczyrba, Queen's University, Geological Sciences and Geological Engineering, Kingston, ON, Canada


OS016
Observational Gaps in Coastal Zone Monitoring in Terms of Natural and Human-Induced Forcing Factors, Response, and Evolution
Primary Convener:  Jérôme Benveniste, European Space Agency (ESA-ESRIN), Earth Observation Programmes, Frascati, Italy
Convener:  Anny A Cazenave, Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiale, Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, LEGOS-CNES-CNRS-IRD-UPS, Toulouse, France


OS017
Observationally Integrated Earth System Modeling for Coastal Environments
Primary Convener:  Ali Abdolali, Climate Prediction Center/NCEP, College Park, MD, United States and darren Engwirda
Conveners:  Darren Engwirda, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Theoretical Division (T3), Los Alamos, NM, United States; NASA GISS, New York City, United States, Ty Hesser, US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Vicksburg, United States, Ali Abdolali, NOAA, EMC/NCEP/NWS, College PARK, United States and darren Engwirda
Student/Early Career Convener:  Ty Hesser, US Army Corps of Engineers, Coastal and Hydraulics Laboratory, Vicksburg, United States and darren Engwirda


OS019
Process Studies, Educational Activities and Technological Advancements Using Data and Infrastructure from the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI)
Primary Convener:  James B Edson, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
Conveners:  Edward Paul Dever1, Deborah S Kelley2, Albert J Plueddemann3 and Anthony Koppers1, (1)Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Corvallis, OR, United States(2)University of Washington Seattle Campus, School of Oceanography, Seattle, WA, United States(3)Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States


OS020
Realizing the full potential of open-source ocean data for scientific and socio-economic (re)use
Primary Convener:  Hernan Eduardo Garcia, National Centers for Environmental Information (formerly NODC), NOAA NESDIS, Silver Spring, MD, United States
Conveners:  Tim Boyer, NOAA NCEI, Washington, DC, United States, Anna Silyakova, Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution Ocean (HUB Ocean), Oslo, Norway and Jo Ovastaas, Ocean Data Foundation, Oslo, Norway


OS021
Recent Advances in Hydrothermal Vent Ecosystem Studies Gained Through The Application of Interdisciplinary Research
Primary Convener:  Jason B Sylvan, Texas A&M University, Oceanography, College Station, United States
Convener:  Amy Gartman, USGS Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, United States
Student/Early Career Convener:  Amanda Achberger, Texas A&M University, Oceanography, College Station, United States


OS022
Research, Exploration, and Challenges in the Hadal Zone and Deep Ocean Trenches
Primary Convener:  Véronique Le Roux, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Geology & Geophysics Department, Woods Hole, MA, United States
Conveners:  Yasuhiko Ohara, JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan, Timothy M Shank, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Biology Department, Woods Hole, MA, United States and Xiaotong Peng, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China


OS023
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission: A New Satellite for Earth’s Water Cycle
Primary Convener:  Tamlin Pavelsky, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, United States
Conveners:  Jessica V Fayne, UCLA, Geography, Los Angeles, United States, SAND-Brian K Arbic, University of Michigan, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ann Arbor, MI, United States and Sarah T Gille, UCSD, La Jolla, CA, United States
Student/Early Career Convener:  Jessica V Fayne, University of California Los Angeles, Department of Geography, Los Angeles, CA, United States


OS024
Towards a Holistic Approach to Estimating Carbon Export and Attenuation in the Oceans
Primary Convener:  Elena Ceballos-Romero, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
Convener:  Clarissa Karthäuser, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole, MA, United States
Student/Early Career Convener:  Samantha Jade Clevenger, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Department of Marine Chemistry & Geochemistry, Woods Hole, United States


OS025
Transport, Evolution, Mixing and Decay of Coherent Oceanic Eddies.
Primary Convener:  Thomas Meunier, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Physical Oceanography Department, Woods Hole, MA, United States
Conveners:  Irina Rypina, WHOI, Woods Hole, United States, Charly de Marez, CALTECH, Pasadena, United States and Xavier J Carton, Laboratoire de Physique des Océans, Brest, France
Student/Early Career Convener:  Charly de Marez, CALTECH, Pasadena, United States


OS026
Variability and controls of ocean climate revealed by long-term multidisciplinary eulerian observatories
Primary Convener:  Raquel Somavilla, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO, CSIC), Physical Oceanography, Santander, Spain
Conveners:  Elizabeth Shadwick, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research, Hobart, TAS, Australia, Yao Fu, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States and Dariia Atamanchuk, Dalhousie University, Department of Oceanography, Halifax, NS, Canada


OS027
Observing Air-Sea Interactions Strategy (OASIS) “Big Asks” and “Grand Ideas” for 2030
Primary Convener:  Meghan F Cronin, NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, WA, United States
Convener:  Christa A Marandino, GEOMAR, Kiel, Germany
Student/Early Career Convener:  Charles I. Addey, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu, HI, United States


OS028
Perspectives for the Evolution of the InterRidge initiative and Marine Research Communities through the prism of interdisciplinary scientific results
Primary Convener:  Milena Marjanovic, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, Paris, France
Conveners:  Jean-Arthur L Olive, CNRS / Ecole Normale Supérieure, Laboratoire de Géologie de l'ENS, Paris, France, Sang-Mook Lee, Seoul National Univ, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul, South Korea and Jiabiao Li, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences, Hangzhou, China
Student/Early Career Convener:  Guilherme Weber de Melo, San Diego State University, San Diego, United States


The Structure, Stability and Temporal Variability of Global Meridional Overturning Circulation: Past, Present, and Future
Primary Liaison:  Feng He, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Primary Convener:  Feng He, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, United States
Convener:  Maureen H Walczak, Oregon State University, College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Corvallis, United States


A018
Atmosphere, Ocean, and Land Processes in the Maritime Continent and Indo-Pacific
Primary Convener:  Sean William Freeman, Colorado State University, Department of Atmospheric Science, Fort Collins, United States
Conveners:  Ning Zhao, JAMSTEC Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Kanagawa, Japan, Je-Yuan Hsu, National Taiwan University, Institute of Oceanography, Taipei, Taiwan and Mingting Li, Sun Yat-sen University, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangzhou, China
Student/Early Career Convener:  Mingting Li, Sun Yat-sen University, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangzhou, China


A039
Climatic, environmental and societal impacts of volcanic eruptions
Primary Convener:  Davide Zanchettin, University Ca'Foscari of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Mestre, Italy
Conveners:  Francesco S.R. Pausata, University of Quebec in Montreal, Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Montreal, Canada and Matthew Toohey, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Student/Early Career Convener:  Lauren Marshall, University of Cambridge, Department of Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom


A054
Extratropical and High-latitude Storms, Teleconnections, Extreme Events, and the Rapidly Changing Polar Climate
Primary Convener:  Xiangdong Zhang, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, United States and James Overland, Kent Moore
Conveners:  Kent Moore, Univ Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, James E Overland, NOAA Seattle, Seattle, WA, United States and James Overland, Kent Moore


B046
Science-based Carbon Removal Strategies, Monitoring, Measurements, Reporting and Verification across Terrestrial, Atmospheric, Oceanic and Societal Dimensions
Primary Convener:  Gyami Shrestha, US Carbon Cycle Science Program, Washington, DC, United States and Interagency CDR Research Coordination Group
Conveners:  Dwight K Gledhill, NOAA, Ocean Acidification Program, Silver Spring, MD, United States, Peter Warwick, U.S. Geological Survey, Geology, Energy, and Minerals (GEM) Science Center, Reston, VA, United States, Devinn Lambert, Department of Energy Washington DC, Washington, United States and Interagency CDR Research Coordination Group


ED033
Undergraduate Earth, Atmospheric, Ocean, and Space Science Research and Outreach Posters
Primary Convener:  Anika Knight, UNAVCO, Inc. Boulder, ECE, Boulder, United States
Conveners:  Anika Knight, UNAVCO, Inc. Boulder, ECE, Boulder, United States, Mark Lord, Western Carolina University, Cullowhee, NC, United States and Pranoti M. Asher, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, United States


ED037
Using the Polar Literacy Principles to Guide Development of Impactful BI Activities
Primary Convener:  Liesl A Hotaling, Eidos Education/Marine Technology Society, Highlands, NJ, United States
Conveners:  Janice D McDonnell, Rutgers University New Brunswick, Department of Youth Development, New Brunswick, NJ, United States, Karina Peggau, Ohio State University Main Campus, Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center, Columbus, OH, United States and Oscar Schofield, Rutgers University, Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, New Brunswick, NJ, United States


GC004
Advancements in Observing and Modeling Processes and Coupled Feedbacks of the High-Latitude Earth Systems
Primary Convener:  Wieslaw Maslowski, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, United States
Conveners:  Milena Veneziani1, Hailong Wang2 and Wilbert Weijer1, (1)Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, United States(2)Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States


GC038
Explaining and Predicting Earth System Change: A World Climate Research Programme Call to Action. Coupling of Observations and Models; Integrated Attribution, Prediction and Projection; Assessment of Current and Future Hazards
Primary Convener:  Kirsten Lynn Findell, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ, United States
Conveners:  Zhuo Wang, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, United States, Isla Simpson, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, Boulder, CO, United States and Haiyan Teng, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, United States


GC068
Policy-Relevant High-Resolution Regional Earth System Modeling: Development, Evaluation, and Application
Primary Convener:  Zong-Liang Yang, Univ Texas Austin, Austin, United States
Conveners:  Dan Fu, Texas A&M University, Department of Oceanography, College Station, TX, United States, Danielle E Touma, Stanford University, Earth System Science, Stanford, CA, United States and Vasco Manuel Mantas, University of Coimbra, Department of Earth Sciences, Coimbra, Portugal


GC085
The global water cycle: coupling and exchanges between the ocean, land, and atmosphere
Primary Convener:  Paul James Durack, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Program for Climate Model Diagnosis and Intercomparison, Livermore, CA, United States
Conveners:  John T Reager II, University California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States, Francis H Lambert, University of Exeter, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, Exeter, EX4, United Kingdom and Nadya Vinogradova Shiffer, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, United States


NG005
Data-Driven Subgrid-Scale Parameterizations for Earth System Modeling
Primary Convener:  Laura Mansfield, Stanford, Earth System Science, Stanford, CA, United States
Conveners:  Lucia Minah Yang, New York University, Center for Atmosphere Ocean Science, New York, NY, United States, Oliver Dunbar, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States and Aakash Sane, Princeton University, Princeton, United States


NG012
When We Don't Know Everything: Stochastic Approaches to Predicting and Understanding the Earth System
Primary Convener:  Timothy Smith, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, CU Boulder / PSL / NOAA, Boulder, CO, United States
Conveners:  Aaron Wang, CIRES/University of Colorado and Physical Sciences Laboratory/NOAA, Boulder, CO, United States, Aneesh Subramanian, University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Boulder, United States and Paul Williams, University of Reading, Reading, RG6, United Kingdom


NH012
Implementing Natural- and Nature-based Features: The Nexus of Flood Protection & Biodiversity
Primary Convener:  Matthew V Bilskie, University of Georgia, College of Engineering, Athens, United States
Conveners:  Burton Suedel, US Army Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center Environmental Laboratory, Vicksburg, United States and C Rhett Rhett Jackson, University of Georgia, Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, Athens, United States
Student/Early Career Convener:  Matthew Chambers, University of Georgia, College of Engineering, Athens, United States


PP016
Monsoons in warm climates: new insights from palaeoclimate reconstructions and simulations
Primary Convener:  Roberta D'Agostino, Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
Conveners:  Amos Winter, Indiana State University, Earth and Environmental Systems, Terre Haute, United States, Ellen Berntell, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden and Davide Zanchettin, Università Ca'Foscari, Venice, Italy
Student/Early Career Convener:  Ellen Berntell, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden


PP023
Pliocene-Pleistocene low-latitude weathering, cooling, and sea-level change: Advances in the Sunda Shelf and its adjacent regions
Primary Convener:  Zhifei Liu, Tongji University, State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Shanghai, China
Conveners:  Christophe Colin, Université Paris-Saclay, Laboratoire Geosciences Paris-Saclay (GEOPS), Orsay, France, Thanawat Jarupongsakul, Chulalongkorn University, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Bangkok, Thailand and Pengfei Ma, Tongji University, State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Shanghai, China


SY008
Community Modeling and Open Innovation to Advance Earth Prediction Systems
Primary Convener:  Jose-Henrique Alves, NOAA Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, EPIC Program, Weather Program Office, Silver Spring, MD, United States
Conveners:  Neil Jacobs, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, United States, Louisa B Nance, NCAR, RAL, Boulder, United States and Hendrik L Tolman, NOAA/NCEP, College Park, MD, United States